Merge changes Ic6ac567a,Ifddea6fa

* changes:
  dev-contributing: Specify the version of buildifier to use
  Format gerrit-acceptance-tests/BUILD with buildifier
diff --git a/gerrit-acceptance-tests/src/test/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/account/ImpersonationIT.java b/gerrit-acceptance-tests/src/test/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/account/ImpersonationIT.java
index 82eae1b..b221ec5 100644
--- a/gerrit-acceptance-tests/src/test/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/account/ImpersonationIT.java
+++ b/gerrit-acceptance-tests/src/test/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/account/ImpersonationIT.java
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@
     in.label("Code-Review", 1);
 
     exception.expect(UnprocessableEntityException.class);
-    exception.expectMessage("on_behalf_of account " + user.id + " cannot see destination ref");
+    exception.expectMessage("on_behalf_of account " + user.id + " cannot see change");
     revision.review(in);
   }
 
diff --git a/gerrit-httpd/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/httpd/rpc/project/ReviewProjectAccess.java b/gerrit-httpd/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/httpd/rpc/project/ReviewProjectAccess.java
index 1f7848d..8ba0978 100644
--- a/gerrit-httpd/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/httpd/rpc/project/ReviewProjectAccess.java
+++ b/gerrit-httpd/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/httpd/rpc/project/ReviewProjectAccess.java
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.MetaDataUpdate;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.ProjectConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.group.SystemGroupBackend;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackendException;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectCache;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectControl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.RefControl;
@@ -174,7 +175,11 @@
       AddReviewerInput input = new AddReviewerInput();
       input.reviewer = projectOwners;
       reviewersProvider.get().apply(rsrc, input);
-    } catch (IOException | OrmException | RestApiException | UpdateException e) {
+    } catch (IOException
+        | OrmException
+        | RestApiException
+        | UpdateException
+        | PermissionBackendException e) {
       // one of the owner groups is not visible to the user and this it why it
       // can't be added as reviewer
     }
@@ -193,7 +198,11 @@
         AddReviewerInput input = new AddReviewerInput();
         input.reviewer = r.getGroup().getUUID().get();
         reviewersProvider.get().apply(rsrc, input);
-      } catch (IOException | OrmException | RestApiException | UpdateException e) {
+      } catch (IOException
+          | OrmException
+          | RestApiException
+          | UpdateException
+          | PermissionBackendException e) {
         // ignore
       }
     }
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/rules/PrologEnvironment.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/rules/PrologEnvironment.java
index 9538121a4..23c59f5 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/rules/PrologEnvironment.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/rules/PrologEnvironment.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.GitRepositoryManager;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.PatchListCache;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.PatchSetInfoFactory;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackend;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectCache;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import com.google.inject.Provider;
@@ -166,6 +167,7 @@
     }
 
     private final ProjectCache projectCache;
+    private final PermissionBackend permissionBackend;
     private final GitRepositoryManager repositoryManager;
     private final PatchListCache patchListCache;
     private final PatchSetInfoFactory patchSetInfoFactory;
@@ -177,6 +179,7 @@
     @Inject
     Args(
         ProjectCache projectCache,
+        PermissionBackend permissionBackend,
         GitRepositoryManager repositoryManager,
         PatchListCache patchListCache,
         PatchSetInfoFactory patchSetInfoFactory,
@@ -184,6 +187,7 @@
         Provider<AnonymousUser> anonymousUser,
         @GerritServerConfig Config config) {
       this.projectCache = projectCache;
+      this.permissionBackend = permissionBackend;
       this.repositoryManager = repositoryManager;
       this.patchListCache = patchListCache;
       this.patchSetInfoFactory = patchSetInfoFactory;
@@ -213,6 +217,10 @@
       return projectCache;
     }
 
+    public PermissionBackend getPermissionBackend() {
+      return permissionBackend;
+    }
+
     public GitRepositoryManager getGitRepositoryManager() {
       return repositoryManager;
     }
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/rules/StoredValues.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/rules/StoredValues.java
index 98ec569..e35171b 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/rules/StoredValues.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/rules/StoredValues.java
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.PatchListNotAvailableException;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.PatchSetInfoFactory;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.PatchSetInfoNotAvailableException;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackend;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ChangeControl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.query.change.ChangeData;
 import com.google.gwtorm.server.OrmException;
@@ -130,6 +131,15 @@
         }
       };
 
+  public static final StoredValue<PermissionBackend> PERMISSION_BACKEND =
+      new StoredValue<PermissionBackend>() {
+        @Override
+        protected PermissionBackend createValue(Prolog engine) {
+          PrologEnvironment env = (PrologEnvironment) engine.control;
+          return env.getArgs().getPermissionBackend();
+        }
+      };
+
   public static final StoredValue<AnonymousUser> ANONYMOUS_USER =
       new StoredValue<AnonymousUser>() {
         @Override
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/api/changes/ChangeApiImpl.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/api/changes/ChangeApiImpl.java
index 4698a80..d534c5a 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/api/changes/ChangeApiImpl.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/api/changes/ChangeApiImpl.java
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@
   public void addReviewer(AddReviewerInput in) throws RestApiException {
     try {
       postReviewers.apply(change, in);
-    } catch (OrmException | IOException | UpdateException e) {
+    } catch (OrmException | IOException | UpdateException | PermissionBackendException e) {
       throw new RestApiException("Cannot add change reviewer", e);
     }
   }
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/api/changes/RevisionApiImpl.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/api/changes/RevisionApiImpl.java
index 2af7b90..d934f6c 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/api/changes/RevisionApiImpl.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/api/changes/RevisionApiImpl.java
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@
   public void review(ReviewInput in) throws RestApiException {
     try {
       review.apply(revision, in);
-    } catch (OrmException | UpdateException | IOException e) {
+    } catch (OrmException | UpdateException | IOException | PermissionBackendException e) {
       throw new RestApiException("Cannot post review", e);
     }
   }
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ChangeJson.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ChangeJson.java
index 190f59b..c86714a 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ChangeJson.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ChangeJson.java
@@ -59,8 +59,6 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelType;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelTypes;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelValue;
-import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
-import com.google.gerrit.common.data.PermissionRange;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.SubmitRecord;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.SubmitTypeRecord;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.FixInput;
@@ -104,7 +102,6 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.api.accounts.AccountInfoComparator;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.api.accounts.GpgApiAdapter;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.GitRepositoryManager;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.git.LabelNormalizer;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.MergeUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.change.ChangeField;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.change.ChangeIndexCollection;
@@ -112,6 +109,9 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.ChangeNotes;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.ReviewerStateInternal;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.PatchListNotAvailableException;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.LabelPermission;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackend;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackendException;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ChangeControl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectCache;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.SubmitRuleOptions;
@@ -186,9 +186,9 @@
   }
 
   private final Provider<ReviewDb> db;
-  private final LabelNormalizer labelNormalizer;
   private final Provider<CurrentUser> userProvider;
   private final AnonymousUser anonymous;
+  private final PermissionBackend permissionBackend;
   private final GitRepositoryManager repoManager;
   private final ProjectCache projectCache;
   private final MergeUtil.Factory mergeUtilFactory;
@@ -217,9 +217,9 @@
   @Inject
   ChangeJson(
       Provider<ReviewDb> db,
-      LabelNormalizer ln,
       Provider<CurrentUser> user,
       AnonymousUser au,
+      PermissionBackend permissionBackend,
       GitRepositoryManager repoManager,
       ProjectCache projectCache,
       MergeUtil.Factory mergeUtilFactory,
@@ -241,10 +241,10 @@
       ApprovalsUtil approvalsUtil,
       @Assisted Iterable<ListChangesOption> options) {
     this.db = db;
-    this.labelNormalizer = ln;
     this.userProvider = user;
     this.anonymous = au;
     this.changeDataFactory = cdf;
+    this.permissionBackend = permissionBackend;
     this.repoManager = repoManager;
     this.userFactory = uf;
     this.projectCache = projectCache;
@@ -316,6 +316,7 @@
         | GpgException
         | OrmException
         | IOException
+        | PermissionBackendException
         | RuntimeException e) {
       if (!has(CHECK)) {
         Throwables.throwIfInstanceOf(e, OrmException.class);
@@ -393,6 +394,7 @@
             | GpgException
             | OrmException
             | IOException
+            | PermissionBackendException
             | RuntimeException e) {
           if (has(CHECK)) {
             i = checkOnly(cd);
@@ -450,7 +452,8 @@
   }
 
   private ChangeInfo toChangeInfo(ChangeData cd, Optional<PatchSet.Id> limitToPsId)
-      throws PatchListNotAvailableException, GpgException, OrmException, IOException {
+      throws PatchListNotAvailableException, GpgException, OrmException, IOException,
+          PermissionBackendException {
     ChangeInfo out = new ChangeInfo();
     CurrentUser user = userProvider.get();
     ChangeControl ctl = cd.changeControl().forUser(user);
@@ -466,6 +469,7 @@
       }
     }
 
+    PermissionBackend.ForChange perm = permissionBackend.user(user).database(db).change(cd);
     Change in = cd.change();
     out.project = in.getProject().get();
     out.branch = in.getDest().getShortName();
@@ -514,16 +518,17 @@
       out.reviewed = cd.reviewedBy().contains(accountId) ? true : null;
     }
 
-    out.labels = labelsFor(ctl, cd, has(LABELS), has(DETAILED_LABELS));
+    out.labels = labelsFor(perm, ctl, cd, has(LABELS), has(DETAILED_LABELS));
     out.submitted = getSubmittedOn(cd);
 
     if (out.labels != null && has(DETAILED_LABELS)) {
       // If limited to specific patch sets but not the current patch set, don't
       // list permitted labels, since users can't vote on those patch sets.
-      if (!limitToPsId.isPresent() || limitToPsId.get().equals(in.currentPatchSetId())) {
+      if (user.isIdentifiedUser()
+          && (!limitToPsId.isPresent() || limitToPsId.get().equals(in.currentPatchSetId()))) {
         out.permittedLabels =
             cd.change().getStatus() != Change.Status.ABANDONED
-                ? permittedLabels(ctl, cd)
+                ? permittedLabels(perm, cd)
                 : ImmutableMap.of();
       }
 
@@ -603,7 +608,12 @@
   }
 
   private Map<String, LabelInfo> labelsFor(
-      ChangeControl ctl, ChangeData cd, boolean standard, boolean detailed) throws OrmException {
+      PermissionBackend.ForChange perm,
+      ChangeControl ctl,
+      ChangeData cd,
+      boolean standard,
+      boolean detailed)
+      throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
     if (!standard && !detailed) {
       return null;
     }
@@ -612,20 +622,24 @@
       return null;
     }
 
-    LabelTypes labelTypes = ctl.getLabelTypes();
+    LabelTypes labelTypes = cd.getLabelTypes();
     Map<String, LabelWithStatus> withStatus =
         cd.change().getStatus().isOpen()
-            ? labelsForOpenChange(ctl, cd, labelTypes, standard, detailed)
-            : labelsForClosedChange(ctl, cd, labelTypes, standard, detailed);
+            ? labelsForOpenChange(perm, cd, labelTypes, standard, detailed)
+            : labelsForClosedChange(perm, cd, labelTypes, standard, detailed);
     return ImmutableMap.copyOf(Maps.transformValues(withStatus, LabelWithStatus::label));
   }
 
   private Map<String, LabelWithStatus> labelsForOpenChange(
-      ChangeControl ctl, ChangeData cd, LabelTypes labelTypes, boolean standard, boolean detailed)
-      throws OrmException {
+      PermissionBackend.ForChange perm,
+      ChangeData cd,
+      LabelTypes labelTypes,
+      boolean standard,
+      boolean detailed)
+      throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
     Map<String, LabelWithStatus> labels = initLabels(cd, labelTypes, standard);
     if (detailed) {
-      setAllApprovals(ctl, cd, labels);
+      setAllApprovals(perm, cd, labels);
     }
     for (Map.Entry<String, LabelWithStatus> e : labels.entrySet()) {
       LabelType type = labelTypes.byLabel(e.getKey());
@@ -712,8 +726,8 @@
   }
 
   private void setAllApprovals(
-      ChangeControl baseCtrl, ChangeData cd, Map<String, LabelWithStatus> labels)
-      throws OrmException {
+      PermissionBackend.ForChange basePerm, ChangeData cd, Map<String, LabelWithStatus> labels)
+      throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
     Change.Status status = cd.change().getStatus();
     checkState(status.isOpen(), "should not call setAllApprovals on %s change", status);
 
@@ -727,17 +741,17 @@
     }
 
     Table<Account.Id, String, PatchSetApproval> current =
-        HashBasedTable.create(allUsers.size(), baseCtrl.getLabelTypes().getLabelTypes().size());
+        HashBasedTable.create(allUsers.size(), cd.getLabelTypes().getLabelTypes().size());
     for (PatchSetApproval psa : cd.currentApprovals()) {
       current.put(psa.getAccountId(), psa.getLabel(), psa);
     }
 
+    LabelTypes labelTypes = cd.getLabelTypes();
     for (Account.Id accountId : allUsers) {
-      IdentifiedUser user = userFactory.create(accountId);
-      ChangeControl ctl = baseCtrl.forUser(user);
-      Map<String, VotingRangeInfo> pvr = getPermittedVotingRanges(permittedLabels(ctl, cd));
+      PermissionBackend.ForChange perm = basePerm.user(userFactory.create(accountId));
+      Map<String, VotingRangeInfo> pvr = getPermittedVotingRanges(permittedLabels(perm, cd));
       for (Map.Entry<String, LabelWithStatus> e : labels.entrySet()) {
-        LabelType lt = ctl.getLabelTypes().byLabel(e.getKey());
+        LabelType lt = labelTypes.byLabel(e.getKey());
         if (lt == null) {
           // Ignore submit record for undefined label; likely the submit rule
           // author didn't intend for the label to show up in the table.
@@ -754,7 +768,7 @@
             // This may be a dummy approval that was inserted when the reviewer
             // was added. Explicitly check whether the user can vote on this
             // label.
-            value = labelNormalizer.canVote(ctl, lt, accountId) ? 0 : null;
+            value = perm.test(new LabelPermission(lt)) ? 0 : null;
           }
           tag = psa.getTag();
           date = psa.getGranted();
@@ -765,7 +779,7 @@
           // Either the user cannot vote on this label, or they were added as a
           // reviewer but have not responded yet. Explicitly check whether the
           // user can vote on this label.
-          value = labelNormalizer.canVote(ctl, lt, accountId) ? 0 : null;
+          value = perm.test(new LabelPermission(lt)) ? 0 : null;
         }
         addApproval(
             e.getValue().label(), approvalInfo(accountId, value, permittedVotingRange, tag, date));
@@ -813,12 +827,12 @@
   }
 
   private Map<String, LabelWithStatus> labelsForClosedChange(
-      ChangeControl baseCtrl,
+      PermissionBackend.ForChange basePerm,
       ChangeData cd,
       LabelTypes labelTypes,
       boolean standard,
       boolean detailed)
-      throws OrmException {
+      throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
     Set<Account.Id> allUsers = new HashSet<>();
     if (detailed) {
       // Users expect to see all reviewers on closed changes, even if they
@@ -886,8 +900,8 @@
       Map<String, ApprovalInfo> byLabel = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(labels.size());
       Map<String, VotingRangeInfo> pvr = Collections.emptyMap();
       if (detailed) {
-        ChangeControl ctl = baseCtrl.forUser(userFactory.create(accountId));
-        pvr = getPermittedVotingRanges(permittedLabels(ctl, cd));
+        PermissionBackend.ForChange perm = basePerm.user(userFactory.create(accountId));
+        pvr = getPermittedVotingRanges(permittedLabels(perm, cd));
         for (Map.Entry<String, LabelWithStatus> entry : labels.entrySet()) {
           ApprovalInfo ai = approvalInfo(accountId, 0, null, null, null);
           byLabel.put(entry.getKey(), ai);
@@ -961,15 +975,25 @@
     }
   }
 
-  private Map<String, Collection<String>> permittedLabels(ChangeControl ctl, ChangeData cd)
-      throws OrmException {
-    if (ctl == null || !ctl.getUser().isIdentifiedUser()) {
-      return null;
+  private Map<String, Collection<String>> permittedLabels(
+      PermissionBackend.ForChange perm, ChangeData cd)
+      throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
+    boolean isMerged = cd.change().getStatus() == Change.Status.MERGED;
+    LabelTypes labelTypes = cd.getLabelTypes();
+    Map<String, LabelType> toCheck = new HashMap<>();
+    for (SubmitRecord rec : submitRecords(cd)) {
+      if (rec.labels != null) {
+        for (SubmitRecord.Label r : rec.labels) {
+          LabelType type = labelTypes.byLabel(r.label);
+          if (type != null && (!isMerged || type.allowPostSubmit())) {
+            toCheck.put(type.getName(), type);
+          }
+        }
+      }
     }
 
     Map<String, Short> labels = null;
-    boolean isMerged = ctl.getChange().getStatus() == Change.Status.MERGED;
-    LabelTypes labelTypes = ctl.getLabelTypes();
+    Set<LabelPermission.WithValue> can = perm.testLabels(toCheck.values());
     SetMultimap<String, String> permitted = LinkedHashMultimap.create();
     for (SubmitRecord rec : submitRecords(cd)) {
       if (rec.labels == null) {
@@ -980,12 +1004,12 @@
         if (type == null || (isMerged && !type.allowPostSubmit())) {
           continue;
         }
-        PermissionRange range = ctl.getRange(Permission.forLabel(r.label));
+
         for (LabelValue v : type.getValues()) {
-          boolean ok = range.contains(v.getValue());
+          boolean ok = can.contains(new LabelPermission.WithValue(type, v));
           if (isMerged) {
             if (labels == null) {
-              labels = currentLabels(ctl);
+              labels = currentLabels(perm, cd);
             }
             short prev = labels.getOrDefault(type.getName(), (short) 0);
             ok &= v.getValue() >= prev;
@@ -996,6 +1020,7 @@
         }
       }
     }
+
     List<String> toClear = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(permitted.keySet().size());
     for (Map.Entry<String, Collection<String>> e : permitted.asMap().entrySet()) {
       if (isOnlyZero(e.getValue())) {
@@ -1008,11 +1033,14 @@
     return permitted.asMap();
   }
 
-  private Map<String, Short> currentLabels(ChangeControl ctl) throws OrmException {
+  private Map<String, Short> currentLabels(PermissionBackend.ForChange perm, ChangeData cd)
+      throws OrmException {
+    IdentifiedUser user = perm.user().asIdentifiedUser();
+    ChangeControl ctl = cd.changeControl().forUser(user);
     Map<String, Short> result = new HashMap<>();
     for (PatchSetApproval psa :
         approvalsUtil.byPatchSetUser(
-            db.get(), ctl, ctl.getChange().currentPatchSetId(), ctl.getUser().getAccountId())) {
+            db.get(), ctl, cd.change().currentPatchSetId(), user.getAccountId())) {
       result.put(psa.getLabel(), psa.getValue());
     }
     return result;
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/GetReviewer.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/GetReviewer.java
index aa0b339..db9af1d 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/GetReviewer.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/GetReviewer.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ReviewerInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.RestReadView;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackendException;
 import com.google.gwtorm.server.OrmException;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import com.google.inject.Singleton;
@@ -31,7 +32,8 @@
   }
 
   @Override
-  public List<ReviewerInfo> apply(ReviewerResource rsrc) throws OrmException {
+  public List<ReviewerInfo> apply(ReviewerResource rsrc)
+      throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
     return json.format(rsrc);
   }
 }
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ListReviewers.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ListReviewers.java
index 1dba58c..ba2a10b 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ListReviewers.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ListReviewers.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.server.ReviewDb;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.ApprovalsUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.mail.Address;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackendException;
 import com.google.gwtorm.server.OrmException;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import com.google.inject.Provider;
@@ -48,7 +49,8 @@
   }
 
   @Override
-  public List<ReviewerInfo> apply(ChangeResource rsrc) throws OrmException {
+  public List<ReviewerInfo> apply(ChangeResource rsrc)
+      throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
     Map<String, ReviewerResource> reviewers = new LinkedHashMap<>();
     ReviewDb db = dbProvider.get();
     for (Account.Id accountId : approvalsUtil.getReviewers(db, rsrc.getNotes()).all()) {
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ListRevisionReviewers.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ListRevisionReviewers.java
index 5aaee56..6d9dc79 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ListRevisionReviewers.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ListRevisionReviewers.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.server.ReviewDb;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.ApprovalsUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.mail.Address;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackendException;
 import com.google.gwtorm.server.OrmException;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import com.google.inject.Provider;
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@
 
   @Override
   public List<ReviewerInfo> apply(RevisionResource rsrc)
-      throws OrmException, MethodNotAllowedException {
+      throws OrmException, MethodNotAllowedException, PermissionBackendException {
     if (!rsrc.isCurrent()) {
       throw new MethodNotAllowedException("Cannot list reviewers on non-current patch set");
     }
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/PostReview.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/PostReview.java
index 81ab39e..6365fd9 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/PostReview.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/PostReview.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
 import static com.google.gerrit.server.CommentsUtil.setCommentRevId;
 import static com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.ReviewerStateInternal.REVIEWER;
+import static com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.LabelPermission.ForUser.ON_BEHALF_OF;
 import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
 import static java.util.stream.Collectors.groupingBy;
 import static java.util.stream.Collectors.joining;
@@ -39,8 +40,6 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.common.TimeUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelType;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelTypes;
-import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
-import com.google.gerrit.common.data.PermissionRange;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.AddReviewerInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.AddReviewerResult;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.NotifyHandling;
@@ -83,6 +82,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.ChangeMessagesUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.ChangeUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.CommentsUtil;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.CurrentUser;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.IdentifiedUser;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.OutputFormat;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.PatchSetUtil;
@@ -95,6 +95,10 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.ChangeUpdate;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.NotesMigration;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.PatchListCache;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.ChangePermission;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.LabelPermission;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackend;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackendException;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ChangeControl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.query.change.ChangeData;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.update.BatchUpdate;
@@ -188,12 +192,14 @@
 
   @Override
   public Response<ReviewResult> apply(RevisionResource revision, ReviewInput input)
-      throws RestApiException, UpdateException, OrmException, IOException {
+      throws RestApiException, UpdateException, OrmException, IOException,
+          PermissionBackendException {
     return apply(revision, input, TimeUtil.nowTs());
   }
 
   public Response<ReviewResult> apply(RevisionResource revision, ReviewInput input, Timestamp ts)
-      throws RestApiException, UpdateException, OrmException, IOException {
+      throws RestApiException, UpdateException, OrmException, IOException,
+          PermissionBackendException {
     // Respect timestamp, but truncate at change created-on time.
     ts = Ordering.natural().max(ts, revision.getChange().getCreatedOn());
     if (revision.getEdit().isPresent()) {
@@ -348,7 +354,8 @@
   }
 
   private RevisionResource onBehalfOf(RevisionResource rev, ReviewInput in)
-      throws BadRequestException, AuthException, UnprocessableEntityException, OrmException {
+      throws BadRequestException, AuthException, UnprocessableEntityException, OrmException,
+          PermissionBackendException {
     if (in.labels == null || in.labels.isEmpty()) {
       throw new AuthException(
           String.format("label required to post review on behalf of \"%s\"", in.onBehalfOf));
@@ -360,11 +367,13 @@
       throw new AuthException("not allowed to modify other user's drafts");
     }
 
-    ChangeControl caller = rev.getControl();
+    CurrentUser caller = rev.getUser();
+    PermissionBackend.ForChange perm = rev.permissions().database(db);
+    LabelTypes labelTypes = rev.getControl().getLabelTypes();
     Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Short>> itr = in.labels.entrySet().iterator();
     while (itr.hasNext()) {
       Map.Entry<String, Short> ent = itr.next();
-      LabelType type = caller.getLabelTypes().byLabel(ent.getKey());
+      LabelType type = labelTypes.byLabel(ent.getKey());
       if (type == null && in.strictLabels) {
         throw new BadRequestException(
             String.format("label \"%s\" is not a configured label", ent.getKey()));
@@ -373,16 +382,15 @@
         continue;
       }
 
-      if (caller.getUser().isInternalUser()) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      PermissionRange r = caller.getRange(Permission.forLabelAs(type.getName()));
-      if (r == null || r.isEmpty() || !r.contains(ent.getValue())) {
-        throw new AuthException(
-            String.format(
-                "not permitted to modify label \"%s\" on behalf of \"%s\"",
-                ent.getKey(), in.onBehalfOf));
+      if (!caller.isInternalUser()) {
+        try {
+          perm.check(new LabelPermission.WithValue(ON_BEHALF_OF, type, ent.getValue()));
+        } catch (AuthException e) {
+          throw new AuthException(
+              String.format(
+                  "not permitted to modify label \"%s\" on behalf of \"%s\"",
+                  type.getName(), in.onBehalfOf));
+        }
       }
     }
     if (in.labels.isEmpty()) {
@@ -390,25 +398,26 @@
           String.format("label required to post review on behalf of \"%s\"", in.onBehalfOf));
     }
 
-    ChangeControl target =
-        caller.forUser(accounts.parseOnBehalfOf(caller.getUser(), in.onBehalfOf));
-    if (!target.getRefControl().isVisible()) {
+    IdentifiedUser reviewer = accounts.parseOnBehalfOf(caller, in.onBehalfOf);
+    try {
+      perm.user(reviewer).check(ChangePermission.READ);
+    } catch (AuthException e) {
       throw new UnprocessableEntityException(
-          String.format(
-              "on_behalf_of account %s cannot see destination ref",
-              target.getUser().getAccountId()));
+          String.format("on_behalf_of account %s cannot see change", reviewer.getAccountId()));
     }
-    return new RevisionResource(changes.parse(target), rev.getPatchSet());
+
+    ChangeControl ctl = rev.getControl().forUser(reviewer);
+    return new RevisionResource(changes.parse(ctl), rev.getPatchSet());
   }
 
-  private void checkLabels(RevisionResource revision, boolean strict, Map<String, Short> labels)
-      throws BadRequestException, AuthException {
-    ChangeControl ctl = revision.getControl();
+  private void checkLabels(RevisionResource rsrc, boolean strict, Map<String, Short> labels)
+      throws BadRequestException, AuthException, PermissionBackendException {
+    LabelTypes types = rsrc.getControl().getLabelTypes();
+    PermissionBackend.ForChange perm = rsrc.permissions();
     Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Short>> itr = labels.entrySet().iterator();
     while (itr.hasNext()) {
       Map.Entry<String, Short> ent = itr.next();
-
-      LabelType lt = revision.getControl().getLabelTypes().byLabel(ent.getKey());
+      LabelType lt = types.byLabel(ent.getKey());
       if (lt == null) {
         if (strict) {
           throw new BadRequestException(
@@ -433,18 +442,15 @@
         continue;
       }
 
-      String name = lt.getName();
-      PermissionRange range = ctl.getRange(Permission.forLabel(name));
-      if (range == null || !range.contains(ent.getValue())) {
+      short val = ent.getValue();
+      try {
+        perm.check(new LabelPermission.WithValue(lt, val));
+      } catch (AuthException e) {
         if (strict) {
           throw new AuthException(
-              String.format(
-                  "Applying label \"%s\": %d is restricted", ent.getKey(), ent.getValue()));
-        } else if (range == null || range.isEmpty()) {
-          ent.setValue((short) 0);
-        } else {
-          ent.setValue((short) range.squash(ent.getValue()));
+              String.format("Applying label \"%s\": %d is restricted", lt.getName(), val));
         }
+        ent.setValue(perm.squashThenCheck(lt, val));
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/PostReviewers.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/PostReviewers.java
index b7fe986..cc759fd 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/PostReviewers.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/PostReviewers.java
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.mail.Address;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.mail.send.OutgoingEmailValidator;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.NotesMigration;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackend;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackendException;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ChangeControl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.NoSuchProjectException;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectCache;
@@ -79,6 +81,7 @@
 
   private final AccountsCollection accounts;
   private final ReviewerResource.Factory reviewerFactory;
+  private final PermissionBackend permissionBackend;
 
   private final GroupsCollection groupsCollection;
   private final GroupMembers.Factory groupMembersFactory;
@@ -98,6 +101,7 @@
   PostReviewers(
       AccountsCollection accounts,
       ReviewerResource.Factory reviewerFactory,
+      PermissionBackend permissionBackend,
       GroupsCollection groupsCollection,
       GroupMembers.Factory groupMembersFactory,
       AccountLoader.Factory accountLoaderFactory,
@@ -113,6 +117,7 @@
       PostReviewersOp.Factory postReviewersOpFactory) {
     this.accounts = accounts;
     this.reviewerFactory = reviewerFactory;
+    this.permissionBackend = permissionBackend;
     this.groupsCollection = groupsCollection;
     this.groupMembersFactory = groupMembersFactory;
     this.accountLoaderFactory = accountLoaderFactory;
@@ -130,7 +135,8 @@
 
   @Override
   public AddReviewerResult apply(ChangeResource rsrc, AddReviewerInput input)
-      throws IOException, OrmException, RestApiException, UpdateException {
+      throws IOException, OrmException, RestApiException, UpdateException,
+          PermissionBackendException {
     if (input.reviewer == null) {
       throw new BadRequestException("missing reviewer field");
     }
@@ -398,14 +404,17 @@
               rsrc, this.reviewers, this.reviewersByEmail, state, notify, accountsToNotify);
     }
 
-    void gatherResults() throws OrmException {
+    void gatherResults() throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
       // Generate result details and fill AccountLoader. This occurs outside
       // the Op because the accounts are in a different table.
       PostReviewersOp.Result opResult = op.getResult();
       if (migration.readChanges() && state == CC) {
         result.ccs = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(opResult.addedCCs().size());
         for (Account.Id accountId : opResult.addedCCs()) {
-          result.ccs.add(json.format(new ReviewerInfo(accountId.get()), reviewers.get(accountId)));
+          ChangeControl ctl = reviewers.get(accountId);
+          PermissionBackend.ForChange perm =
+              permissionBackend.user(ctl.getUser()).database(dbProvider).change(ctl.getNotes());
+          result.ccs.add(json.format(new ReviewerInfo(accountId.get()), perm, ctl));
         }
         accountLoaderFactory.create(true).fill(result.ccs);
         for (Address a : reviewersByEmail) {
@@ -415,11 +424,12 @@
         result.reviewers = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(opResult.addedReviewers().size());
         for (PatchSetApproval psa : opResult.addedReviewers()) {
           // New reviewers have value 0, don't bother normalizing.
+          ChangeControl ctl = reviewers.get(psa.getAccountId());
+          PermissionBackend.ForChange perm =
+              permissionBackend.user(ctl.getUser()).database(dbProvider).change(ctl.getNotes());
           result.reviewers.add(
               json.format(
-                  new ReviewerInfo(psa.getAccountId().get()),
-                  reviewers.get(psa.getAccountId()),
-                  ImmutableList.of(psa)));
+                  new ReviewerInfo(psa.getAccountId().get()), perm, ctl, ImmutableList.of(psa)));
         }
         accountLoaderFactory.create(true).fill(result.reviewers);
         for (Address a : reviewersByEmail) {
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ReviewerJson.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ReviewerJson.java
index ac7f15e..d6ef2a7 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ReviewerJson.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ReviewerJson.java
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelType;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelTypes;
-import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.PermissionRange;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.SubmitRecord;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ReviewerInfo;
@@ -30,6 +29,9 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.server.ReviewDb;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.ApprovalsUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.AccountLoader;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.LabelPermission;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackend;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackendException;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ChangeControl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.SubmitRuleEvaluator;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.query.change.ChangeData;
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@
 @Singleton
 public class ReviewerJson {
   private final Provider<ReviewDb> db;
+  private final PermissionBackend permissionBackend;
   private final ChangeData.Factory changeDataFactory;
   private final ApprovalsUtil approvalsUtil;
   private final AccountLoader.Factory accountLoaderFactory;
@@ -51,22 +54,29 @@
   @Inject
   ReviewerJson(
       Provider<ReviewDb> db,
+      PermissionBackend permissionBackend,
       ChangeData.Factory changeDataFactory,
       ApprovalsUtil approvalsUtil,
       AccountLoader.Factory accountLoaderFactory) {
     this.db = db;
+    this.permissionBackend = permissionBackend;
     this.changeDataFactory = changeDataFactory;
     this.approvalsUtil = approvalsUtil;
     this.accountLoaderFactory = accountLoaderFactory;
   }
 
-  public List<ReviewerInfo> format(Collection<ReviewerResource> rsrcs) throws OrmException {
+  public List<ReviewerInfo> format(Collection<ReviewerResource> rsrcs)
+      throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
     List<ReviewerInfo> infos = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(rsrcs.size());
     AccountLoader loader = accountLoaderFactory.create(true);
     for (ReviewerResource rsrc : rsrcs) {
       ReviewerInfo info =
           format(
               new ReviewerInfo(rsrc.getReviewerUser().getAccountId().get()),
+              permissionBackend
+                  .user(rsrc.getReviewerUser())
+                  .database(db)
+                  .change(rsrc.getChangeResource().getNotes()),
               rsrc.getReviewerControl());
       loader.put(info);
       infos.add(info);
@@ -75,22 +85,29 @@
     return infos;
   }
 
-  public List<ReviewerInfo> format(ReviewerResource rsrc) throws OrmException {
+  public List<ReviewerInfo> format(ReviewerResource rsrc)
+      throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
     return format(ImmutableList.<ReviewerResource>of(rsrc));
   }
 
-  public ReviewerInfo format(ReviewerInfo out, ChangeControl ctl) throws OrmException {
+  public ReviewerInfo format(ReviewerInfo out, PermissionBackend.ForChange perm, ChangeControl ctl)
+      throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
     PatchSet.Id psId = ctl.getChange().currentPatchSetId();
     return format(
         out,
+        perm,
         ctl,
         approvalsUtil.byPatchSetUser(db.get(), ctl, psId, new Account.Id(out._accountId)));
   }
 
   public ReviewerInfo format(
-      ReviewerInfo out, ChangeControl ctl, Iterable<PatchSetApproval> approvals)
-      throws OrmException {
-    LabelTypes labelTypes = ctl.getLabelTypes();
+      ReviewerInfo out,
+      PermissionBackend.ForChange perm,
+      ChangeControl ctl,
+      Iterable<PatchSetApproval> approvals)
+      throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
+    ChangeData cd = changeDataFactory.create(db.get(), ctl);
+    LabelTypes labelTypes = cd.getLabelTypes();
 
     // Don't use Maps.newTreeMap(Comparator) due to OpenJDK bug 100167.
     out.approvals = new TreeMap<>(labelTypes.nameComparator());
@@ -107,7 +124,6 @@
 
     // Add dummy approvals for all permitted labels for the user even if they
     // do not exist in the DB.
-    ChangeData cd = changeDataFactory.create(db.get(), ctl);
     PatchSet ps = cd.currentPatchSet();
     if (ps != null) {
       for (SubmitRecord rec :
@@ -117,8 +133,10 @@
         }
         for (SubmitRecord.Label label : rec.labels) {
           String name = label.label;
+          LabelType type = labelTypes.byLabel(name);
           if (!out.approvals.containsKey(name)
-              && !ctl.getRange(Permission.forLabel(name)).isEmpty()) {
+              && type != null
+              && perm.test(new LabelPermission(type))) {
             out.approvals.put(name, formatValue((short) 0));
           }
         }
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/git/LabelNormalizer.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/git/LabelNormalizer.java
index 6a05d22..323f352 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/git/LabelNormalizer.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/git/LabelNormalizer.java
@@ -142,16 +142,6 @@
     return Result.create(unchanged, updated, deleted);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * @param ctl change control (for any user).
-   * @param lt label type.
-   * @param id account ID.
-   * @return whether the given account ID has any permissions to vote on this label for this change.
-   */
-  public boolean canVote(ChangeControl ctl, LabelType lt, Account.Id id) {
-    return !getRange(ctl, lt, id).isEmpty();
-  }
-
   private PatchSetApproval copy(PatchSetApproval src) {
     return new PatchSetApproval(src.getPatchSetId(), src);
   }
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/mail/send/MergedSender.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/mail/send/MergedSender.java
index 47115af..4d48990 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/mail/send/MergedSender.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/mail/send/MergedSender.java
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
   public MergedSender(EmailArguments ea, @Assisted Project.NameKey project, @Assisted Change.Id id)
       throws OrmException {
     super(ea, "merged", newChangeData(ea, project, id));
-    labelTypes = changeData.changeControl().getLabelTypes();
+    labelTypes = changeData.getLabelTypes();
   }
 
   @Override
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/permissions/FailedPermissionBackend.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/permissions/FailedPermissionBackend.java
index 4945879..24f5164 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/permissions/FailedPermissionBackend.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/permissions/FailedPermissionBackend.java
@@ -164,5 +164,10 @@
         throws PermissionBackendException {
       throw new PermissionBackendException(message, cause);
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public CurrentUser user() {
+      throw new UnsupportedOperationException("FailedPermissionBackend is not scoped to user");
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/permissions/LabelPermission.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/permissions/LabelPermission.java
index 61f7330..747c997 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/permissions/LabelPermission.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/permissions/LabelPermission.java
@@ -15,25 +15,69 @@
 package com.google.gerrit.server.permissions;
 
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
+import static com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.LabelPermission.ForUser.ON_BEHALF_OF;
+import static com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.LabelPermission.ForUser.SELF;
 
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelType;
+import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelValue;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.util.LabelVote;
 import java.util.Optional;
 
 /** Permission representing a label. */
 public class LabelPermission implements ChangePermissionOrLabel {
+  public enum ForUser {
+    SELF,
+    ON_BEHALF_OF;
+  }
+
+  private final ForUser forUser;
   private final String name;
 
   /**
    * Construct a reference to a label permission.
    *
+   * @param type type description of the label.
+   */
+  public LabelPermission(LabelType type) {
+    this(SELF, type);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Construct a reference to a label permission.
+   *
+   * @param forUser {@code SELF} (default) or {@code ON_BEHALF_OF} for labelAs behavior.
+   * @param type type description of the label.
+   */
+  public LabelPermission(ForUser forUser, LabelType type) {
+    this(forUser, type.getName());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Construct a reference to a label permission.
+   *
    * @param name name of the label, e.g. {@code "Code-Review"} or {@code "Verified"}.
    */
   public LabelPermission(String name) {
+    this(SELF, name);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Construct a reference to a label permission.
+   *
+   * @param forUser {@code SELF} (default) or {@code ON_BEHALF_OF} for labelAs behavior.
+   * @param name name of the label, e.g. {@code "Code-Review"} or {@code "Verified"}.
+   */
+  public LabelPermission(ForUser forUser, String name) {
+    this.forUser = checkNotNull(forUser, "ForUser");
     this.name = LabelType.checkName(name);
   }
 
+  /** @return {@code SELF} or {@code ON_BEHALF_OF} (or labelAs). */
+  public ForUser forUser() {
+    return forUser;
+  }
+
   /** @return name of the label, e.g. {@code "Code-Review"}. */
   public String label() {
     return name;
@@ -42,12 +86,21 @@
   /** @return name used in {@code project.config} permissions. */
   @Override
   public Optional<String> permissionName() {
-    return Optional.of(Permission.forLabel(label()));
+    switch (forUser) {
+      case SELF:
+        return Optional.of(Permission.forLabel(name));
+      case ON_BEHALF_OF:
+        return Optional.of(Permission.forLabelAs(name));
+    }
+    return Optional.empty();
   }
 
   @Override
   public String describeForException() {
-    return "label " + label();
+    if (forUser == ON_BEHALF_OF) {
+      return "labelAs " + name;
+    }
+    return "label " + name;
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -57,26 +110,87 @@
 
   @Override
   public boolean equals(Object other) {
-    return other instanceof LabelPermission && name.equals(((LabelPermission) other).name);
+    if (other instanceof LabelPermission) {
+      LabelPermission b = (LabelPermission) other;
+      return forUser == b.forUser && name.equals(b.name);
+    }
+    return false;
   }
 
   @Override
   public String toString() {
+    if (forUser == ON_BEHALF_OF) {
+      return "LabelAs[" + name + ']';
+    }
     return "Label[" + name + ']';
   }
 
   /** A {@link LabelPermission} at a specific value. */
   public static class WithValue implements ChangePermissionOrLabel {
+    private final ForUser forUser;
     private final LabelVote label;
 
     /**
      * Construct a reference to a label at a specific value.
      *
+     * @param type description of the label.
+     * @param value numeric score assigned to the label.
+     */
+    public WithValue(LabelType type, LabelValue value) {
+      this(SELF, type, value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a reference to a label at a specific value.
+     *
+     * @param type description of the label.
+     * @param value numeric score assigned to the label.
+     */
+    public WithValue(LabelType type, short value) {
+      this(SELF, type.getName(), value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a reference to a label at a specific value.
+     *
+     * @param forUser {@code SELF} (default) or {@code ON_BEHALF_OF} for labelAs behavior.
+     * @param type description of the label.
+     * @param value numeric score assigned to the label.
+     */
+    public WithValue(ForUser forUser, LabelType type, LabelValue value) {
+      this(forUser, type.getName(), value.getValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a reference to a label at a specific value.
+     *
+     * @param forUser {@code SELF} (default) or {@code ON_BEHALF_OF} for labelAs behavior.
+     * @param type description of the label.
+     * @param value numeric score assigned to the label.
+     */
+    public WithValue(ForUser forUser, LabelType type, short value) {
+      this(forUser, type.getName(), value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a reference to a label at a specific value.
+     *
      * @param name name of the label, e.g. {@code "Code-Review"} or {@code "Verified"}.
      * @param value numeric score assigned to the label.
      */
     public WithValue(String name, short value) {
-      this(LabelVote.create(name, value));
+      this(SELF, name, value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a reference to a label at a specific value.
+     *
+     * @param forUser {@code SELF} (default) or {@code ON_BEHALF_OF} for labelAs behavior.
+     * @param name name of the label, e.g. {@code "Code-Review"} or {@code "Verified"}.
+     * @param value numeric score assigned to the label.
+     */
+    public WithValue(ForUser forUser, String name, short value) {
+      this(forUser, LabelVote.create(name, value));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -85,9 +199,25 @@
      * @param label label name and vote.
      */
     public WithValue(LabelVote label) {
+      this(SELF, label);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a reference to a label at a specific value.
+     *
+     * @param forUser {@code SELF} (default) or {@code ON_BEHALF_OF} for labelAs behavior.
+     * @param label label name and vote.
+     */
+    public WithValue(ForUser forUser, LabelVote label) {
+      this.forUser = checkNotNull(forUser, "ForUser");
       this.label = checkNotNull(label, "LabelVote");
     }
 
+    /** @return {@code SELF} or {@code ON_BEHALF_OF} (or labelAs). */
+    public ForUser forUser() {
+      return forUser;
+    }
+
     /** @return name of the label, e.g. {@code "Code-Review"}. */
     public String label() {
       return label.label();
@@ -101,11 +231,20 @@
     /** @return name used in {@code project.config} permissions. */
     @Override
     public Optional<String> permissionName() {
-      return Optional.of(Permission.forLabel(label()));
+      switch (forUser) {
+        case SELF:
+          return Optional.of(Permission.forLabel(label()));
+        case ON_BEHALF_OF:
+          return Optional.of(Permission.forLabelAs(label()));
+      }
+      return Optional.empty();
     }
 
     @Override
     public String describeForException() {
+      if (forUser == ON_BEHALF_OF) {
+        return "labelAs " + label.formatWithEquals();
+      }
       return "label " + label.formatWithEquals();
     }
 
@@ -116,11 +255,18 @@
 
     @Override
     public boolean equals(Object other) {
-      return other instanceof WithValue && label.equals(((WithValue) other).label);
+      if (other instanceof WithValue) {
+        WithValue b = (WithValue) other;
+        return forUser == b.forUser && label.equals(b.label);
+      }
+      return false;
     }
 
     @Override
     public String toString() {
+      if (forUser == ON_BEHALF_OF) {
+        return "LabelAs[" + label.format() + ']';
+      }
       return "Label[" + label.format() + ']';
     }
   }
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/permissions/PermissionBackend.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/permissions/PermissionBackend.java
index 9e5350b..7a76949 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/permissions/PermissionBackend.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/permissions/PermissionBackend.java
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@
 package com.google.gerrit.server.permissions;
 
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toSet;
 
+import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelType;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.AuthException;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Branch;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
@@ -174,6 +176,9 @@
 
   /** PermissionBackend scoped to a user, project, reference and change. */
   public abstract static class ForChange extends AcceptsReviewDb<ForChange> {
+    /** @return user this instance is scoped to. */
+    public abstract CurrentUser user();
+
     /** @return new instance rescoped to same change, but different {@code user}. */
     public abstract ForChange user(CurrentUser user);
 
@@ -207,5 +212,97 @@
         return false;
       }
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Test which values of a label the user may be able to set.
+     *
+     * @param label definition of the label to test values of.
+     * @return set containing values the user may be able to use; may be empty if none.
+     * @throws PermissionBackendException if failure consulting backend configuration.
+     */
+    public Set<LabelPermission.WithValue> test(LabelType label) throws PermissionBackendException {
+      return test(valuesOf(checkNotNull(label, "LabelType")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test which values of a group of labels the user may be able to set.
+     *
+     * @param types definition of the labels to test values of.
+     * @return set containing values the user may be able to use; may be empty if none.
+     * @throws PermissionBackendException if failure consulting backend configuration.
+     */
+    public Set<LabelPermission.WithValue> testLabels(Collection<LabelType> types)
+        throws PermissionBackendException {
+      checkNotNull(types, "LabelType");
+      return test(types.stream().flatMap((t) -> valuesOf(t).stream()).collect(toSet()));
+    }
+
+    private static Set<LabelPermission.WithValue> valuesOf(LabelType label) {
+      return label
+          .getValues()
+          .stream()
+          .map((v) -> new LabelPermission.WithValue(label, v))
+          .collect(toSet());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Squash a label value to the nearest allowed value.
+     *
+     * <p>For multi-valued labels like Code-Review with values -2..+2 a user may try to use +2, but
+     * only have permission for the -1..+1 range. The caller should have already tried:
+     *
+     * <pre>
+     * check(new LabelPermission.WithValue("Code-Review", 2));
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * and caught {@link AuthException}. {@code squashThenCheck} will use {@link #test(LabelType)}
+     * to determine potential values of Code-Review the user can use, and select the nearest value
+     * along the same sign, e.g. -1 for -2 and +1 for +2.
+     *
+     * @param label definition of the label to test values of.
+     * @param val previously denied value the user attempted.
+     * @return nearest allowed value, or {@code 0} if no value was allowed.
+     * @throws PermissionBackendException backend cannot run test or check.
+     */
+    public short squashThenCheck(LabelType label, short val) throws PermissionBackendException {
+      short s = squashByTest(label, val);
+      if (s == 0 || s == val) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+      try {
+        check(new LabelPermission.WithValue(label, s));
+        return s;
+      } catch (AuthException e) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Squash a label value to the nearest allowed value using only test methods.
+     *
+     * <p>Tests all possible values and selects the closet available to {@code val} while matching
+     * the sign of {@code val}. Unlike {@code #squashThenCheck(LabelType, short)} this method only
+     * uses {@code test} methods and should not be used in contexts like a review handler without
+     * checking the resulting score.
+     *
+     * @param label definition of the label to test values of.
+     * @param val previously denied value the user attempted.
+     * @return nearest likely allowed value, or {@code 0} if no value was identified.
+     * @throws PermissionBackendException backend cannot run test.
+     */
+    public short squashByTest(LabelType label, short val) throws PermissionBackendException {
+      return nearest(test(label), val);
+    }
+
+    private static short nearest(Iterable<LabelPermission.WithValue> possible, short wanted) {
+      short s = 0;
+      for (LabelPermission.WithValue v : possible) {
+        if ((wanted < 0 && v.value() < 0 && wanted <= v.value() && v.value() < s)
+            || (wanted > 0 && v.value() > 0 && wanted >= v.value() && v.value() > s)) {
+          s = v.value();
+        }
+      }
+      return s;
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/project/ChangeControl.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/project/ChangeControl.java
index af89d94..3e5eba3 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/project/ChangeControl.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/project/ChangeControl.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
+import static com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.LabelPermission.ForUser.ON_BEHALF_OF;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
 import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
@@ -527,8 +528,13 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public CurrentUser user() {
+      return getUser();
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public ForChange user(CurrentUser user) {
-      return getUser().equals(user) ? this : forUser(user).asForChange(cd, db);
+      return user().equals(user) ? this : forUser(user).asForChange(cd, db);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -603,7 +609,11 @@
     }
 
     private boolean can(LabelPermission.WithValue perm) {
-      return label(perm.permissionName().get()).contains(perm.value());
+      PermissionRange r = label(perm.permissionName().get());
+      if (perm.forUser() == ON_BEHALF_OF && r.isEmpty()) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return r.contains(perm.value());
     }
 
     private PermissionRange label(String permission) {
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/ChangeData.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/ChangeData.java
index 1dbe5cd..64ef091 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/ChangeData.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/ChangeData.java
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
 import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.Nullable;
+import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelTypes;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.SubmitRecord;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.SubmitTypeRecord;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Account;
@@ -757,6 +758,10 @@
     return change;
   }
 
+  public LabelTypes getLabelTypes() {
+    return changeControl.getLabelTypes();
+  }
+
   public ChangeNotes notes() throws OrmException {
     if (notes == null) {
       if (!lazyLoad) {
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/ChangeQueryBuilder.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/ChangeQueryBuilder.java
index 6b66c41..1ae54ee 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/ChangeQueryBuilder.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/ChangeQueryBuilder.java
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.NotesMigration;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.ReviewerStateInternal;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.PatchListCache;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackend;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ChangeControl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ListChildProjects;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectCache;
@@ -182,6 +183,7 @@
     final AccountResolver accountResolver;
     final AllProjectsName allProjectsName;
     final AllUsersName allUsersName;
+    final PermissionBackend permissionBackend;
     final CapabilityControl.Factory capabilityControlFactory;
     final ChangeControl.GenericFactory changeControlGenericFactory;
     final ChangeData.Factory changeDataFactory;
@@ -221,6 +223,7 @@
         DynamicMap<ChangeHasOperandFactory> hasOperands,
         IdentifiedUser.GenericFactory userFactory,
         Provider<CurrentUser> self,
+        PermissionBackend permissionBackend,
         CapabilityControl.Factory capabilityControlFactory,
         ChangeControl.GenericFactory changeControlGenericFactory,
         ChangeNotes.Factory notesFactory,
@@ -253,6 +256,7 @@
           hasOperands,
           userFactory,
           self,
+          permissionBackend,
           capabilityControlFactory,
           changeControlGenericFactory,
           notesFactory,
@@ -287,6 +291,7 @@
         DynamicMap<ChangeHasOperandFactory> hasOperands,
         IdentifiedUser.GenericFactory userFactory,
         Provider<CurrentUser> self,
+        PermissionBackend permissionBackend,
         CapabilityControl.Factory capabilityControlFactory,
         ChangeControl.GenericFactory changeControlGenericFactory,
         ChangeNotes.Factory notesFactory,
@@ -317,6 +322,7 @@
       this.opFactories = opFactories;
       this.userFactory = userFactory;
       this.self = self;
+      this.permissionBackend = permissionBackend;
       this.capabilityControlFactory = capabilityControlFactory;
       this.notesFactory = notesFactory;
       this.changeControlGenericFactory = changeControlGenericFactory;
@@ -353,6 +359,7 @@
           hasOperands,
           userFactory,
           Providers.of(otherUser),
+          permissionBackend,
           capabilityControlFactory,
           changeControlGenericFactory,
           notesFactory,
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/EqualsLabelPredicate.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/EqualsLabelPredicate.java
index bb251cb..a5814fe 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/EqualsLabelPredicate.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/EqualsLabelPredicate.java
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelType;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelTypes;
-import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Account;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.AccountGroup;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Change;
@@ -24,8 +23,9 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.server.ReviewDb;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.IdentifiedUser;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.change.ChangeField;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ChangeControl;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.project.NoSuchChangeException;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.ChangePermission;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackend;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackendException;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectCache;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectState;
 import com.google.gwtorm.server.OrmException;
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
 class EqualsLabelPredicate extends ChangeIndexPredicate {
   private final ProjectCache projectCache;
-  private final ChangeControl.GenericFactory ccFactory;
+  private final PermissionBackend permissionBackend;
   private final IdentifiedUser.GenericFactory userFactory;
   private final Provider<ReviewDb> dbProvider;
   private final String label;
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 
   EqualsLabelPredicate(LabelPredicate.Args args, String label, int expVal, Account.Id account) {
     super(ChangeField.LABEL, ChangeField.formatLabel(label, expVal, account));
-    this.ccFactory = args.ccFactory;
+    this.permissionBackend = args.permissionBackend;
     this.projectCache = args.projectCache;
     this.userFactory = args.userFactory;
     this.dbProvider = args.dbProvider;
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
     for (PatchSetApproval p : object.currentApprovals()) {
       if (labelType.matches(p)) {
         hasVote = true;
-        if (match(c, p.getValue(), p.getAccountId(), labelType)) {
+        if (match(object, p.getValue(), p.getAccountId(), labelType)) {
           return true;
         }
       }
@@ -104,40 +104,28 @@
     return null;
   }
 
-  private boolean match(Change change, int value, Account.Id approver, LabelType type)
-      throws OrmException {
-    int psVal = value;
-    if (psVal == expVal) {
-      // Double check the value is still permitted for the user.
-      //
-      IdentifiedUser reviewer = userFactory.create(approver);
-      try {
-        ChangeControl cc = ccFactory.controlFor(dbProvider.get(), change, reviewer);
-        if (!cc.isVisible(dbProvider.get())) {
-          // The user can't see the change anymore.
-          //
-          return false;
-        }
-        psVal = cc.getRange(Permission.forLabel(type.getName())).squash(psVal);
-      } catch (NoSuchChangeException e) {
-        // The project has disappeared.
-        //
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (account != null && !account.equals(approver)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (group != null && !reviewer.getEffectiveGroups().contains(group)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (psVal == expVal) {
-        return true;
-      }
+  private boolean match(ChangeData cd, short value, Account.Id approver, LabelType type) {
+    if (value != expVal) {
+      return false;
     }
-    return false;
+
+    if (account != null && !account.equals(approver)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    IdentifiedUser reviewer = userFactory.create(approver);
+    if (group != null && !reviewer.getEffectiveGroups().contains(group)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Double check the value is still permitted for the user.
+    try {
+      PermissionBackend.ForChange perm =
+          permissionBackend.user(reviewer).database(dbProvider).change(cd);
+      return perm.test(ChangePermission.READ) && expVal == perm.squashByTest(type, value);
+    } catch (PermissionBackendException e) {
+      return false;
+    }
   }
 
   @Override
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/LabelPredicate.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/LabelPredicate.java
index 9fdbcef..3fe6a6f 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/LabelPredicate.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/com/google/gerrit/server/query/change/LabelPredicate.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.AccountGroup;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.server.ReviewDb;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.IdentifiedUser;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackend;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ChangeControl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectCache;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.query.OrPredicate;
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@
 
   static class Args {
     final ProjectCache projectCache;
+    final PermissionBackend permissionBackend;
     final ChangeControl.GenericFactory ccFactory;
     final IdentifiedUser.GenericFactory userFactory;
     final Provider<ReviewDb> dbProvider;
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@
 
     private Args(
         ProjectCache projectCache,
+        PermissionBackend permissionBackend,
         ChangeControl.GenericFactory ccFactory,
         IdentifiedUser.GenericFactory userFactory,
         Provider<ReviewDb> dbProvider,
@@ -52,6 +55,7 @@
         Set<Account.Id> accounts,
         AccountGroup.UUID group) {
       this.projectCache = projectCache;
+      this.permissionBackend = permissionBackend;
       this.ccFactory = ccFactory;
       this.userFactory = userFactory;
       this.dbProvider = dbProvider;
@@ -84,6 +88,7 @@
         predicates(
             new Args(
                 a.projectCache,
+                a.permissionBackend,
                 a.changeControlGenericFactory,
                 a.userFactory,
                 a.db,
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED__check_user_label_3.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED__check_user_label_3.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2b9890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED__check_user_label_3.java
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package gerrit;
+
+import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelType;
+import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.AuthException;
+import com.google.gerrit.rules.StoredValues;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.CurrentUser;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.LabelPermission;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackendException;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.query.change.ChangeData;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.exceptions.IllegalTypeException;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.exceptions.PInstantiationException;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.exceptions.PrologException;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.exceptions.SystemException;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.IntegerTerm;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.JavaObjectTerm;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.Operation;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.Predicate;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.Prolog;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.SymbolTerm;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.Term;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.VariableTerm;
+
+/**
+ * Checks user can set label to val.
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ *   '_check_user_label'(+Label, +CurrentUser, +Val)
+ * </pre>
+ */
+class PRED__check_user_label_3 extends Predicate.P3 {
+  PRED__check_user_label_3(Term a1, Term a2, Term a3, Operation n) {
+    arg1 = a1;
+    arg2 = a2;
+    arg3 = a3;
+    cont = n;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Operation exec(Prolog engine) throws PrologException {
+    engine.setB0();
+    Term a1 = arg1.dereference();
+    Term a2 = arg2.dereference();
+    Term a3 = arg3.dereference();
+
+    if (a1 instanceof VariableTerm) {
+      throw new PInstantiationException(this, 1);
+    }
+    if (!(a1 instanceof SymbolTerm)) {
+      throw new IllegalTypeException(this, 1, "atom", a1);
+    }
+    String label = a1.name();
+
+    if (a2 instanceof VariableTerm) {
+      throw new PInstantiationException(this, 2);
+    }
+    if (!(a2 instanceof JavaObjectTerm) || !a2.convertible(CurrentUser.class)) {
+      throw new IllegalTypeException(this, 2, "CurrentUser)", a2);
+    }
+    CurrentUser user = (CurrentUser) ((JavaObjectTerm) a2).object();
+
+    if (a3 instanceof VariableTerm) {
+      throw new PInstantiationException(this, 3);
+    }
+    if (!(a3 instanceof IntegerTerm)) {
+      throw new IllegalTypeException(this, 3, "integer", a3);
+    }
+    short val = (short) ((IntegerTerm) a3).intValue();
+
+    ChangeData cd = StoredValues.CHANGE_DATA.get(engine);
+    LabelType type = cd.getLabelTypes().byLabel(label);
+    if (type == null) {
+      return engine.fail();
+    }
+
+    try {
+      StoredValues.PERMISSION_BACKEND
+          .get(engine)
+          .user(user)
+          .change(cd)
+          .check(new LabelPermission.WithValue(type, val));
+      return cont;
+    } catch (AuthException err) {
+      return engine.fail();
+    } catch (PermissionBackendException err) {
+      SystemException se = new SystemException(err.getMessage());
+      se.initCause(err);
+      throw se;
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED__load_commit_labels_1.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED__load_commit_labels_1.java
index 8b5a33d..5a3d656 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED__load_commit_labels_1.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED__load_commit_labels_1.java
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
     Term listHead = Prolog.Nil;
     try {
       ChangeData cd = StoredValues.CHANGE_DATA.get(engine);
-      LabelTypes types = StoredValues.CHANGE_CONTROL.get(engine).getLabelTypes();
+      LabelTypes types = cd.getLabelTypes();
 
       for (PatchSetApproval a : cd.currentApprovals()) {
         LabelType t = types.byLabel(a.getLabelId());
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED__user_label_range_4.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED__user_label_range_4.java
index d06664e..5c61007 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED__user_label_range_4.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED__user_label_range_4.java
@@ -14,14 +14,16 @@
 
 package gerrit;
 
-import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
-import com.google.gerrit.common.data.PermissionRange;
+import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelType;
 import com.google.gerrit.rules.StoredValues;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.CurrentUser;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ChangeControl;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.LabelPermission;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackendException;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.query.change.ChangeData;
 import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.exceptions.IllegalTypeException;
 import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.exceptions.PInstantiationException;
 import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.exceptions.PrologException;
+import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.exceptions.SystemException;
 import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.IntegerTerm;
 import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.JavaObjectTerm;
 import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.Operation;
@@ -30,12 +32,13 @@
 import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.SymbolTerm;
 import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.Term;
 import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.lang.VariableTerm;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 /**
  * Resolves the valid range for a label on a CurrentUser.
  *
  * <pre>
- *   '$user_label_range'(+Label, +CurrentUser, -Min, -Max)
+ *   '_user_label_range'(+Label, +CurrentUser, -Min, -Max)
  * </pre>
  */
 class PRED__user_label_range_4 extends Predicate.P4 {
@@ -71,20 +74,33 @@
     }
     CurrentUser user = (CurrentUser) ((JavaObjectTerm) a2).object();
 
-    ChangeControl ctl = StoredValues.CHANGE_CONTROL.get(engine).forUser(user);
-    PermissionRange range = ctl.getRange(Permission.LABEL + label);
-    if (range == null) {
+    ChangeData cd = StoredValues.CHANGE_DATA.get(engine);
+    LabelType type = cd.getLabelTypes().byLabel(label);
+    if (type == null) {
       return engine.fail();
     }
 
-    IntegerTerm min = new IntegerTerm(range.getMin());
-    IntegerTerm max = new IntegerTerm(range.getMax());
+    Set<LabelPermission.WithValue> can;
+    try {
+      can = StoredValues.PERMISSION_BACKEND.get(engine).user(user).change(cd).test(type);
+    } catch (PermissionBackendException err) {
+      SystemException se = new SystemException(err.getMessage());
+      se.initCause(err);
+      throw se;
+    }
 
-    if (!a3.unify(min, engine.trail)) {
+    int min = 0;
+    int max = 0;
+    for (LabelPermission.WithValue v : can) {
+      min = Math.min(min, v.value());
+      max = Math.max(max, v.value());
+    }
+
+    if (!a3.unify(new IntegerTerm(min), engine.trail)) {
       return engine.fail();
     }
 
-    if (!a4.unify(max, engine.trail)) {
+    if (!a4.unify(new IntegerTerm(max), engine.trail)) {
       return engine.fail();
     }
 
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED_get_legacy_label_types_1.java b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED_get_legacy_label_types_1.java
index ea3fb17..33d63c4 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED_get_legacy_label_types_1.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/java/gerrit/PRED_get_legacy_label_types_1.java
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
   public Operation exec(Prolog engine) throws PrologException {
     engine.setB0();
     Term a1 = arg1.dereference();
-    List<LabelType> list = StoredValues.CHANGE_CONTROL.get(engine).getLabelTypes().getLabelTypes();
+    List<LabelType> list = StoredValues.CHANGE_DATA.get(engine).getLabelTypes().getLabelTypes();
     Term head = Prolog.Nil;
     for (int idx = list.size() - 1; 0 <= idx; idx--) {
       head = new ListTerm(export(list.get(idx)), head);
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/main/prolog/gerrit_common.pl b/gerrit-server/src/main/prolog/gerrit_common.pl
index 59c926f..4671e0d 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/main/prolog/gerrit_common.pl
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/main/prolog/gerrit_common.pl
@@ -92,6 +92,27 @@
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%
+%% check_user_label/3:
+%%
+%%   Check Who can set Label to Val.
+%%
+check_user_label(Label, Who, Val) :-
+  hash_get(commit_labels, '$fast_range', true), !,
+  atom(Label),
+  assume_range_from_label(Label, Who, Min, Max),
+  Min @=< Val, Val @=< Max.
+check_user_label(Label, Who, Val) :-
+  Who = user(_), !,
+  atom(Label),
+  current_user(Who, User),
+  '_check_user_label'(Label, User, Val).
+check_user_label(Label, test_user(Name), Val) :-
+  clause(user:test_grant(Label, test_user(Name), range(Min, Max)), _),
+  Min @=< Val, Val @=< Max
+  .
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%
 %% user_label_range/4:
 %%
 %%   Lookup the range allowed to be used.
@@ -319,8 +340,7 @@
 %%
 check_label_range_permission(Label, ExpValue, ok(Who)) :-
   commit_label(label(Label, ExpValue), Who),
-  user_label_range(Label, Who, Min, Max),
-  Min @=< ExpValue, ExpValue @=< Max
+  check_user_label(Label, Who, ExpValue)
   .
 %TODO Uncomment this clause when group suggesting is possible.
 %check_label_range_permission(Label, ExpValue, ask(Group)) :-
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/test/java/com/google/gerrit/rules/GerritCommonTest.java b/gerrit-server/src/test/java/com/google/gerrit/rules/GerritCommonTest.java
index fa4a951..3dfcaec 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/test/java/com/google/gerrit/rules/GerritCommonTest.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/test/java/com/google/gerrit/rules/GerritCommonTest.java
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 import static org.easymock.EasyMock.expect;
 
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelTypes;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ChangeControl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.Util;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.query.change.ChangeData;
 import com.google.inject.AbstractModule;
 import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.exceptions.CompileException;
 import com.googlecode.prolog_cafe.exceptions.ReductionLimitException;
@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@
             cfg.setInt("rules", null, "reductionLimit", 1300);
             cfg.setInt("rules", null, "compileReductionLimit", (int) 1e6);
             bind(PrologEnvironment.Args.class)
-                .toInstance(new PrologEnvironment.Args(null, null, null, null, null, null, cfg));
+                .toInstance(
+                    new PrologEnvironment.Args(null, null, null, null, null, null, null, cfg));
           }
         });
   }
@@ -55,10 +56,10 @@
   @Override
   protected void setUpEnvironment(PrologEnvironment env) {
     LabelTypes labelTypes = new LabelTypes(Arrays.asList(Util.codeReview(), Util.verified()));
-    ChangeControl ctl = EasyMock.createMock(ChangeControl.class);
-    expect(ctl.getLabelTypes()).andStubReturn(labelTypes);
-    EasyMock.replay(ctl);
-    env.set(StoredValues.CHANGE_CONTROL, ctl);
+    ChangeData cd = EasyMock.createMock(ChangeData.class);
+    expect(cd.getLabelTypes()).andStubReturn(labelTypes);
+    EasyMock.replay(cd);
+    env.set(StoredValues.CHANGE_DATA, cd);
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/gerrit-server/src/test/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/change/FakeQueryBuilder.java b/gerrit-server/src/test/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/change/FakeQueryBuilder.java
index 6fda100..3bbd335 100644
--- a/gerrit-server/src/test/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/change/FakeQueryBuilder.java
+++ b/gerrit-server/src/test/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/change/FakeQueryBuilder.java
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@
         new FakeQueryBuilder.Definition<>(FakeQueryBuilder.class),
         new ChangeQueryBuilder.Arguments(
             null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null,
-            null, null, null, null, null, null, null, indexes, null, null, null, null, null, null,
-            null, null, null));
+            null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, indexes, null, null, null, null, null,
+            null, null, null, null));
   }
 
   @Operator