diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/entities/PatchSetApproval.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/entities/PatchSetApproval.java
index 607f5c8..608cf0d 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/entities/PatchSetApproval.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/entities/PatchSetApproval.java
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 
 import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
 import com.google.common.primitives.Shorts;
-import java.sql.Timestamp;
-import java.util.Date;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.Optional;
 
 /** An approval (or negative approval) on a patch set. */
@@ -97,11 +96,7 @@
       return value(Shorts.checkedCast(value));
     }
 
-    public abstract Builder granted(Timestamp granted);
-
-    public Builder granted(Date granted) {
-      return granted(new Timestamp(granted.getTime()));
-    }
+    public abstract Builder granted(Instant granted);
 
     public abstract Builder tag(String tag);
 
@@ -147,7 +142,7 @@
    */
   public abstract short value();
 
-  public abstract Timestamp granted();
+  public abstract Instant granted();
 
   public abstract Optional<String> tag();
 
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/entities/converter/PatchSetApprovalProtoConverter.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/entities/converter/PatchSetApprovalProtoConverter.java
index 134e25f..e8ef346 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/entities/converter/PatchSetApprovalProtoConverter.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/entities/converter/PatchSetApprovalProtoConverter.java
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.PatchSetApproval;
 import com.google.gerrit.proto.Entities;
 import com.google.protobuf.Parser;
-import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.Objects;
 
 @Immutable
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
         Entities.PatchSetApproval.newBuilder()
             .setKey(patchSetApprovalKeyProtoConverter.toProto(patchSetApproval.key()))
             .setValue(patchSetApproval.value())
-            .setGranted(patchSetApproval.granted().getTime())
+            .setGranted(patchSetApproval.granted().toEpochMilli())
             .setPostSubmit(patchSetApproval.postSubmit())
             .setCopied(patchSetApproval.copied());
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
         PatchSetApproval.builder()
             .key(patchSetApprovalKeyProtoConverter.fromProto(proto.getKey()))
             .value(proto.getValue())
-            .granted(new Timestamp(proto.getGranted()))
+            .granted(Instant.ofEpochMilli(proto.getGranted()))
             .postSubmit(proto.getPostSubmit())
             .copied(proto.getCopied());
     if (proto.hasUuid()) {
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/extensions/common/ApprovalInfo.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/extensions/common/ApprovalInfo.java
index a4e0baa..3ca3c00 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/extensions/common/ApprovalInfo.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/extensions/common/ApprovalInfo.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 import com.google.gerrit.common.Nullable;
 import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.Objects;
 
 /**
@@ -62,10 +63,10 @@
 
   public ApprovalInfo(
       Integer id,
-      Integer value,
+      @Nullable Integer value,
       @Nullable VotingRangeInfo permittedVotingRange,
       @Nullable String tag,
-      Timestamp date) {
+      @Nullable Timestamp date) {
     super(id);
     this.value = value;
     this.permittedVotingRange = permittedVotingRange;
@@ -73,6 +74,26 @@
     this.tag = tag;
   }
 
+  public ApprovalInfo(
+      Integer id,
+      @Nullable Integer value,
+      @Nullable VotingRangeInfo permittedVotingRange,
+      @Nullable String tag,
+      @Nullable Instant date) {
+    super(id);
+    this.value = value;
+    this.permittedVotingRange = permittedVotingRange;
+    this.tag = tag;
+    if (date != null) {
+      setDate(date);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("JdkObsolete")
+  public void setDate(Instant date) {
+    this.date = Timestamp.from(date);
+  }
+
   @Override
   public boolean equals(Object o) {
     if (o instanceof ApprovalInfo) {
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/extensions/common/ChangeInfo.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/extensions/common/ChangeInfo.java
index 55e4670..165ad13 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/extensions/common/ChangeInfo.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/extensions/common/ChangeInfo.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.client.ReviewerState;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.client.SubmitType;
 import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -126,4 +127,10 @@
   public ChangeInfo(Map<String, RevisionInfo> revisions) {
     this.revisions = ImmutableMap.copyOf(revisions);
   }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("JdkObsolete")
+  public void setSubmitted(Instant when, AccountInfo who) {
+    submitted = Timestamp.from(when);
+    submitter = who;
+  }
 }
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/extensions/common/ReviewerUpdateInfo.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/extensions/common/ReviewerUpdateInfo.java
index 37e1ceb..6c4eb2c 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/extensions/common/ReviewerUpdateInfo.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/extensions/common/ReviewerUpdateInfo.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.client.ReviewerState;
 import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.Objects;
 
 public class ReviewerUpdateInfo {
@@ -24,6 +25,17 @@
   public AccountInfo reviewer;
   public ReviewerState state;
 
+  public ReviewerUpdateInfo() {}
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("JdkObsolete")
+  public ReviewerUpdateInfo(
+      Instant updated, AccountInfo updatedBy, AccountInfo reviewer, ReviewerState state) {
+    this.updated = Timestamp.from(updated);
+    this.updatedBy = updatedBy;
+    this.reviewer = reviewer;
+    this.state = state;
+  }
+
   @Override
   public boolean equals(Object o) {
     if (o instanceof ReviewerUpdateInfo) {
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/AssigneeStatusUpdate.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/AssigneeStatusUpdate.java
index 3d6242b..812aad1 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/AssigneeStatusUpdate.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/AssigneeStatusUpdate.java
@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@
 
 import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.Account;
-import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.Optional;
 
 /** Change to an assignee's status. */
 @AutoValue
 public abstract class AssigneeStatusUpdate {
   public static AssigneeStatusUpdate create(
-      Timestamp ts, Account.Id updatedBy, Optional<Account.Id> currentAssignee) {
+      Instant ts, Account.Id updatedBy, Optional<Account.Id> currentAssignee) {
     return new AutoValue_AssigneeStatusUpdate(ts, updatedBy, currentAssignee);
   }
 
-  public abstract Timestamp date();
+  public abstract Instant date();
 
   public abstract Account.Id updatedBy();
 
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/ReviewerByEmailSet.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/ReviewerByEmailSet.java
index 4a317c3..c6ba7b5 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/ReviewerByEmailSet.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/ReviewerByEmailSet.java
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 import com.google.common.collect.Table;
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.Address;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.ReviewerStateInternal;
-import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
 
 /**
  * Set of reviewers on a change that do not have a Gerrit account and were added by email instead.
@@ -30,8 +30,7 @@
 public class ReviewerByEmailSet {
   private static final ReviewerByEmailSet EMPTY = new ReviewerByEmailSet(ImmutableTable.of());
 
-  public static ReviewerByEmailSet fromTable(
-      Table<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Timestamp> table) {
+  public static ReviewerByEmailSet fromTable(Table<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Instant> table) {
     return new ReviewerByEmailSet(table);
   }
 
@@ -39,10 +38,10 @@
     return EMPTY;
   }
 
-  private final ImmutableTable<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Timestamp> table;
+  private final ImmutableTable<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Instant> table;
   private ImmutableSet<Address> users;
 
-  private ReviewerByEmailSet(Table<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Timestamp> table) {
+  private ReviewerByEmailSet(Table<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Instant> table) {
     this.table = ImmutableTable.copyOf(table);
   }
 
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@
     return table.row(state).keySet();
   }
 
-  public ImmutableTable<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Timestamp> asTable() {
+  public ImmutableTable<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Instant> asTable() {
     return table;
   }
 
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/ReviewerSet.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/ReviewerSet.java
index 0f6bf29..0ff68e0 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/ReviewerSet.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/ReviewerSet.java
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.Account;
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.PatchSetApproval;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.ReviewerStateInternal;
-import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
 
 /**
  * Set of reviewers on a change.
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 
   public static ReviewerSet fromApprovals(Iterable<PatchSetApproval> approvals) {
     PatchSetApproval first = null;
-    Table<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp> reviewers = HashBasedTable.create();
+    Table<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant> reviewers = HashBasedTable.create();
     for (PatchSetApproval psa : approvals) {
       if (first == null) {
         first = psa;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
     return new ReviewerSet(reviewers);
   }
 
-  public static ReviewerSet fromTable(Table<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp> table) {
+  public static ReviewerSet fromTable(Table<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant> table) {
     return new ReviewerSet(table);
   }
 
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@
     return EMPTY;
   }
 
-  private final ImmutableTable<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp> table;
+  private final ImmutableTable<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant> table;
   private ImmutableSet<Account.Id> accounts;
 
-  private ReviewerSet(Table<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp> table) {
+  private ReviewerSet(Table<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant> table) {
     this.table = ImmutableTable.copyOf(table);
   }
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
     return table.row(state).keySet();
   }
 
-  public ImmutableTable<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp> asTable() {
+  public ImmutableTable<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant> asTable() {
     return table;
   }
 
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/ReviewerStatusUpdate.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/ReviewerStatusUpdate.java
index 938d985..1e0aa43 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/ReviewerStatusUpdate.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/ReviewerStatusUpdate.java
@@ -17,17 +17,17 @@
 import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.Account;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.ReviewerStateInternal;
-import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
 
 /** Change to a reviewer's status. */
 @AutoValue
 public abstract class ReviewerStatusUpdate {
   public static ReviewerStatusUpdate create(
-      Timestamp ts, Account.Id updatedBy, Account.Id reviewer, ReviewerStateInternal state) {
+      Instant ts, Account.Id updatedBy, Account.Id reviewer, ReviewerStateInternal state) {
     return new AutoValue_ReviewerStatusUpdate(ts, updatedBy, reviewer, state);
   }
 
-  public abstract Timestamp date();
+  public abstract Instant date();
 
   public abstract Account.Id updatedBy();
 
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/approval/ApprovalsUtil.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/approval/ApprovalsUtil.java
index c3921f8..0c32072 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/approval/ApprovalsUtil.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/approval/ApprovalsUtil.java
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
         PatchSetApproval.builder()
             .key(PatchSetApproval.key(psId, user.getAccountId(), labelId))
             .value(value)
-            .granted(when);
+            .granted(when.toInstant());
     user.updateRealAccountId(b::realAccountId);
     return b;
   }
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@
           PatchSetApproval.builder()
               .key(PatchSetApproval.key(psId, account, labelId))
               .value(0)
-              .granted(update.getWhen())
+              .granted(update.getWhen().toInstant())
               .build());
       update.putReviewer(account, REVIEWER);
     }
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ChangeJson.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ChangeJson.java
index 41723c8..dd83eb6 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ChangeJson.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ChangeJson.java
@@ -775,11 +775,12 @@
     List<ReviewerStatusUpdate> reviewerUpdates = cd.reviewerUpdates();
     List<ReviewerUpdateInfo> result = new ArrayList<>(reviewerUpdates.size());
     for (ReviewerStatusUpdate c : reviewerUpdates) {
-      ReviewerUpdateInfo change = new ReviewerUpdateInfo();
-      change.updated = c.date();
-      change.state = c.state().asReviewerState();
-      change.updatedBy = accountLoader.get(c.updatedBy());
-      change.reviewer = accountLoader.get(c.reviewer());
+      ReviewerUpdateInfo change =
+          new ReviewerUpdateInfo(
+              c.date(),
+              accountLoader.get(c.updatedBy()),
+              accountLoader.get(c.reviewer()),
+              c.state().asReviewerState());
       result.add(change);
     }
     return result;
@@ -801,8 +802,7 @@
     if (!s.isPresent()) {
       return;
     }
-    out.submitted = s.get().granted();
-    out.submitter = accountLoader.get(s.get().accountId());
+    out.setSubmitted(s.get().granted(), accountLoader.get(s.get().accountId()));
   }
 
   private ImmutableList<ChangeMessageInfo> messages(ChangeData cd) {
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/LabelsJson.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/LabelsJson.java
index 0bc0f64..325b20a 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/LabelsJson.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/LabelsJson.java
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.query.change.ChangeData;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import com.google.inject.Singleton;
-import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.Collections;
@@ -199,10 +199,10 @@
   private ApprovalInfo approvalInfo(
       AccountLoader accountLoader,
       Account.Id id,
-      Integer value,
-      VotingRangeInfo permittedVotingRange,
-      String tag,
-      Timestamp date) {
+      @Nullable Integer value,
+      @Nullable VotingRangeInfo permittedVotingRange,
+      @Nullable String tag,
+      @Nullable Instant date) {
     ApprovalInfo ai = new ApprovalInfo(id.get(), value, permittedVotingRange, tag, date);
     accountLoader.put(ai);
     return ai;
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@
         if (info != null) {
           info.value = Integer.valueOf(val);
           info.permittedVotingRange = pvr.getOrDefault(type.get().getName(), null);
-          info.date = psa.granted();
+          info.setDate(psa.granted());
           info.tag = psa.tag().orElse(null);
           if (psa.postSubmit()) {
             info.postSubmit = true;
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@
         Integer value;
         VotingRangeInfo permittedVotingRange = pvr.getOrDefault(lt.get().getName(), null);
         String tag = null;
-        Timestamp date = null;
+        Instant date = null;
         PatchSetApproval psa = current.get(accountId, lt.get().getName());
         if (psa != null) {
           value = Integer.valueOf(psa.value());
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/events/EventFactory.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/events/EventFactory.java
index 2a2bf73..7727e5a 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/events/EventFactory.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/events/EventFactory.java
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@
     a.type = approval.labelId().get();
     a.value = Short.toString(approval.value());
     a.by = asAccountAttribute(approval.accountId());
-    a.grantedOn = approval.granted().getTime() / 1000L;
+    a.grantedOn = approval.granted().getEpochSecond();
     a.oldValue = null;
 
     Optional<LabelType> lt = labelTypes.byLabel(approval.labelId());
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/change/ChangeField.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/change/ChangeField.java
index 6c8e3fb..bc5a889 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/change/ChangeField.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/change/ChangeField.java
@@ -435,11 +435,10 @@
   @VisibleForTesting
   static List<String> getReviewerFieldValues(ReviewerSet reviewers) {
     List<String> r = new ArrayList<>(reviewers.asTable().size() * 2);
-    for (Table.Cell<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp> c :
-        reviewers.asTable().cellSet()) {
+    for (Table.Cell<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant> c : reviewers.asTable().cellSet()) {
       String v = getReviewerFieldValue(c.getRowKey(), c.getColumnKey());
       r.add(v);
-      r.add(v + ',' + c.getValue().getTime());
+      r.add(v + ',' + c.getValue().toEpochMilli());
     }
     return r;
   }
@@ -451,7 +450,7 @@
   @VisibleForTesting
   static List<String> getReviewerByEmailFieldValues(ReviewerByEmailSet reviewersByEmail) {
     List<String> r = new ArrayList<>(reviewersByEmail.asTable().size() * 2);
-    for (Table.Cell<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Timestamp> c :
+    for (Table.Cell<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Instant> c :
         reviewersByEmail.asTable().cellSet()) {
       String v = getReviewerByEmailFieldValue(c.getRowKey(), c.getColumnKey());
       r.add(v);
@@ -460,7 +459,7 @@
         Address emailOnly = Address.create(c.getColumnKey().email());
         r.add(getReviewerByEmailFieldValue(c.getRowKey(), emailOnly));
       }
-      r.add(v + ',' + c.getValue().getTime());
+      r.add(v + ',' + c.getValue().toEpochMilli());
     }
     return r;
   }
@@ -470,8 +469,7 @@
   }
 
   public static ReviewerSet parseReviewerFieldValues(Change.Id changeId, Iterable<String> values) {
-    ImmutableTable.Builder<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp> b =
-        ImmutableTable.builder();
+    ImmutableTable.Builder<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant> b = ImmutableTable.builder();
     for (String v : values) {
 
       int i = v.indexOf(',');
@@ -513,7 +511,7 @@
             "Failed to parse timestamp of reviewer field from change %s: %s", changeId.get(), v);
         continue;
       }
-      Timestamp timestamp = new Timestamp(l);
+      Instant timestamp = Instant.ofEpochMilli(l);
 
       b.put(reviewerState.get(), accountId.get(), timestamp);
     }
@@ -522,7 +520,7 @@
 
   public static ReviewerByEmailSet parseReviewerByEmailFieldValues(
       Change.Id changeId, Iterable<String> values) {
-    ImmutableTable.Builder<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Timestamp> b = ImmutableTable.builder();
+    ImmutableTable.Builder<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Instant> b = ImmutableTable.builder();
     for (String v : values) {
       int i = v.indexOf(',');
       if (i < 0) {
@@ -566,7 +564,7 @@
             changeId.get(), v);
         continue;
       }
-      Timestamp timestamp = new Timestamp(l);
+      Instant timestamp = Instant.ofEpochMilli(l);
 
       b.put(reviewerState.get(), address, timestamp);
     }
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesParser.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesParser.java
index ec98f6ea..063566e 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesParser.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesParser.java
@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@
 
   // Private final but mutable members initialized in the constructor and filled
   // in during the parsing process.
-  private final Table<Account.Id, ReviewerStateInternal, Timestamp> reviewers;
-  private final Table<Address, ReviewerStateInternal, Timestamp> reviewersByEmail;
+  private final Table<Account.Id, ReviewerStateInternal, Instant> reviewers;
+  private final Table<Address, ReviewerStateInternal, Instant> reviewersByEmail;
   private final List<Account.Id> allPastReviewers;
   private final List<ReviewerStatusUpdate> reviewerUpdates;
   /** Holds only the most recent update per user. Older updates are discarded. */
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@
   private Change.Status status;
   private String topic;
   private Set<String> hashtags;
-  private Timestamp createdOn;
-  private Timestamp lastUpdatedOn;
+  private Instant createdOn;
+  private Instant lastUpdatedOn;
   private Account.Id ownerId;
   private String serverId;
   private String changeId;
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
   // We only set the value once, based on the latest update (the actual value or Optional.empty() if
   // the latest record unsets the field).
   private Optional<PatchSet.Id> cherryPickOf;
-  private Timestamp mergedOn;
+  private Instant mergedOn;
 
   ChangeNotesParser(
       Change.Id changeId,
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@
   }
 
   private void parse(ChangeNotesCommit commit) throws ConfigInvalidException {
-    Timestamp commitTimestamp = getCommitTimestamp(commit);
+    Instant commitTimestamp = getCommitTimestamp(commit);
 
     createdOn = commitTimestamp;
     parseTag(commit);
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@
 
     parseSubmission(commit, commitTimestamp);
 
-    if (lastUpdatedOn == null || commitTimestamp.after(lastUpdatedOn)) {
+    if (lastUpdatedOn == null || commitTimestamp.isAfter(lastUpdatedOn)) {
       lastUpdatedOn = commitTimestamp;
     }
 
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  private void parseSubmission(ChangeNotesCommit commit, Timestamp commitTimestamp)
+  private void parseSubmission(ChangeNotesCommit commit, Instant commitTimestamp)
       throws ConfigInvalidException {
     // Only parse the most recent sumbit commit (there should be exactly one).
     if (submissionId == null) {
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  private void parsePatchSet(PatchSet.Id psId, ObjectId rev, Account.Id accountId, Timestamp ts)
+  private void parsePatchSet(PatchSet.Id psId, ObjectId rev, Account.Id accountId, Instant ts)
       throws ConfigInvalidException {
     if (accountId == null) {
       throw parseException("patch set %s requires an identified user as uploader", psId.get());
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@
         .id(psId)
         .commitId(rev)
         .uploader(accountId)
-        .createdOn(ts);
+        .createdOn(Timestamp.from(ts));
     // Fields not set here:
     // * Groups, parsed earlier in parseGroups.
     // * Description, parsed earlier in parseDescription.
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  private void parseAssigneeUpdates(Timestamp ts, ChangeNotesCommit commit)
+  private void parseAssigneeUpdates(Instant ts, ChangeNotesCommit commit)
       throws ConfigInvalidException {
     String assigneeValue = parseOneFooter(commit, FOOTER_ASSIGNEE);
     if (assigneeValue != null) {
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@
       Account.Id accountId,
       Account.Id realAccountId,
       ChangeNotesCommit commit,
-      Timestamp ts) {
+      Instant ts) {
     Optional<String> changeMsgString = getChangeMessageString(commit);
     if (!changeMsgString.isPresent()) {
       return false;
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@
         ChangeMessage.create(
             ChangeMessage.key(psId.changeId(), commit.name()),
             accountId,
-            ts,
+            Timestamp.from(ts),
             psId,
             changeMsgString.get(),
             realAccountId,
@@ -882,7 +882,7 @@
   }
 
   /** Parses copied {@link PatchSetApproval}. */
-  private void parseCopiedApproval(PatchSet.Id psId, Timestamp ts, String line)
+  private void parseCopiedApproval(PatchSet.Id psId, Instant ts, String line)
       throws ConfigInvalidException {
     ParsedPatchSetApproval parsedPatchSetApproval = ChangeNoteUtil.parseCopiedApproval(line);
     checkFooter(
@@ -930,7 +930,7 @@
   }
 
   private void parseApproval(
-      PatchSet.Id psId, Account.Id accountId, Account.Id realAccountId, Timestamp ts, String line)
+      PatchSet.Id psId, Account.Id accountId, Account.Id realAccountId, Instant ts, String line)
       throws ConfigInvalidException {
     if (accountId == null) {
       throw parseException("patch set %s requires an identified user as uploader", psId.get());
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@
       PatchSet.Id psId,
       Account.Id committerId,
       Account.Id realAccountId,
-      Timestamp ts,
+      Instant ts,
       ParsedPatchSetApproval parsedPatchSetApproval)
       throws ConfigInvalidException {
 
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@
       PatchSet.Id psId,
       Account.Id committerId,
       Account.Id realAccountId,
-      Timestamp ts,
+      Instant ts,
       ParsedPatchSetApproval parsedPatchSetApproval)
       throws ConfigInvalidException {
 
@@ -1098,7 +1098,7 @@
     return parseIdent(a);
   }
 
-  private void parseReviewer(Timestamp ts, ReviewerStateInternal state, String line)
+  private void parseReviewer(Instant ts, ReviewerStateInternal state, String line)
       throws ConfigInvalidException {
     PersonIdent ident = RawParseUtils.parsePersonIdent(line);
     if (ident == null) {
@@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  private void parseReviewerByEmail(Timestamp ts, ReviewerStateInternal state, String line)
+  private void parseReviewerByEmail(Instant ts, ReviewerStateInternal state, String line)
       throws ConfigInvalidException {
     Address adr;
     try {
@@ -1225,15 +1225,15 @@
    * @param commit the commit to return commit time.
    * @return the timestamp when the commit was applied.
    */
-  private Timestamp getCommitTimestamp(ChangeNotesCommit commit) {
-    return new Timestamp(commit.getCommitterIdent().getWhen().getTime());
+  private Instant getCommitTimestamp(ChangeNotesCommit commit) {
+    return commit.getCommitterIdent().getWhen().toInstant();
   }
 
   private void pruneReviewers() {
-    Iterator<Table.Cell<Account.Id, ReviewerStateInternal, Timestamp>> rit =
+    Iterator<Table.Cell<Account.Id, ReviewerStateInternal, Instant>> rit =
         reviewers.cellSet().iterator();
     while (rit.hasNext()) {
-      Table.Cell<Account.Id, ReviewerStateInternal, Timestamp> e = rit.next();
+      Table.Cell<Account.Id, ReviewerStateInternal, Instant> e = rit.next();
       if (e.getColumnKey() == ReviewerStateInternal.REMOVED) {
         rit.remove();
       }
@@ -1241,10 +1241,10 @@
   }
 
   private void pruneReviewersByEmail() {
-    Iterator<Table.Cell<Address, ReviewerStateInternal, Timestamp>> rit =
+    Iterator<Table.Cell<Address, ReviewerStateInternal, Instant>> rit =
         reviewersByEmail.cellSet().iterator();
     while (rit.hasNext()) {
-      Table.Cell<Address, ReviewerStateInternal, Timestamp> e = rit.next();
+      Table.Cell<Address, ReviewerStateInternal, Instant> e = rit.next();
       if (e.getColumnKey() == ReviewerStateInternal.REMOVED) {
         rit.remove();
       }
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesState.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesState.java
index 4d6b9cf..5e40125 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesState.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesState.java
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@
       ObjectId metaId,
       Change.Id changeId,
       Change.Key changeKey,
-      Timestamp createdOn,
-      Timestamp lastUpdatedOn,
+      Instant createdOn,
+      Instant lastUpdatedOn,
       Account.Id owner,
       String serverId,
       String branch,
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
       @Nullable Change.Id revertOf,
       @Nullable PatchSet.Id cherryPickOf,
       int updateCount,
-      @Nullable Timestamp mergedOn) {
+      @Nullable Instant mergedOn) {
     requireNonNull(
         metaId,
         () ->
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@
         .columns(
             ChangeColumns.builder()
                 .changeKey(changeKey)
-                .createdOn(createdOn)
-                .lastUpdatedOn(lastUpdatedOn)
+                .createdOn(Timestamp.from(createdOn))
+                .lastUpdatedOn(Timestamp.from(lastUpdatedOn))
                 .owner(owner)
                 .branch(branch)
                 .status(status)
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
         .publishedComments(publishedComments)
         .submitRequirementsResult(submitRequirementResults)
         .updateCount(updateCount)
-        .mergedOn(mergedOn)
+        .mergedOn(mergedOn != null ? Timestamp.from(mergedOn) : null)
         .build();
   }
 
@@ -581,26 +581,26 @@
     }
 
     private static ReviewerSetEntryProto toReviewerSetEntry(
-        Table.Cell<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp> c) {
+        Table.Cell<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant> c) {
       return ReviewerSetEntryProto.newBuilder()
           .setState(REVIEWER_STATE_CONVERTER.reverse().convert(c.getRowKey()))
           .setAccountId(c.getColumnKey().get())
-          .setTimestampMillis(c.getValue().getTime())
+          .setTimestampMillis(c.getValue().toEpochMilli())
           .build();
     }
 
     private static ReviewerByEmailSetEntryProto toReviewerByEmailSetEntry(
-        Table.Cell<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Timestamp> c) {
+        Table.Cell<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Instant> c) {
       return ReviewerByEmailSetEntryProto.newBuilder()
           .setState(REVIEWER_STATE_CONVERTER.reverse().convert(c.getRowKey()))
           .setAddress(c.getColumnKey().toHeaderString())
-          .setTimestampMillis(c.getValue().getTime())
+          .setTimestampMillis(c.getValue().toEpochMilli())
           .build();
     }
 
     private static ReviewerStatusUpdateProto toReviewerStatusUpdateProto(ReviewerStatusUpdate u) {
       return ReviewerStatusUpdateProto.newBuilder()
-          .setTimestampMillis(u.date().getTime())
+          .setTimestampMillis(u.date().toEpochMilli())
           .setUpdatedBy(u.updatedBy().get())
           .setReviewer(u.reviewer().get())
           .setState(REVIEWER_STATE_CONVERTER.reverse().convert(u.state()))
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@
     private static AssigneeStatusUpdateProto toAssigneeStatusUpdateProto(AssigneeStatusUpdate u) {
       AssigneeStatusUpdateProto.Builder builder =
           AssigneeStatusUpdateProto.newBuilder()
-              .setTimestampMillis(u.date().getTime())
+              .setTimestampMillis(u.date().toEpochMilli())
               .setUpdatedBy(u.updatedBy().get())
               .setHasCurrentAssignee(u.currentAssignee().isPresent());
 
@@ -719,26 +719,25 @@
     }
 
     private static ReviewerSet toReviewerSet(List<ReviewerSetEntryProto> protos) {
-      ImmutableTable.Builder<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp> b =
+      ImmutableTable.Builder<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant> b =
           ImmutableTable.builder();
       for (ReviewerSetEntryProto e : protos) {
         b.put(
             REVIEWER_STATE_CONVERTER.convert(e.getState()),
             Account.id(e.getAccountId()),
-            new Timestamp(e.getTimestampMillis()));
+            Instant.ofEpochMilli(e.getTimestampMillis()));
       }
       return ReviewerSet.fromTable(b.build());
     }
 
     private static ReviewerByEmailSet toReviewerByEmailSet(
         List<ReviewerByEmailSetEntryProto> protos) {
-      ImmutableTable.Builder<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Timestamp> b =
-          ImmutableTable.builder();
+      ImmutableTable.Builder<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Instant> b = ImmutableTable.builder();
       for (ReviewerByEmailSetEntryProto e : protos) {
         b.put(
             REVIEWER_STATE_CONVERTER.convert(e.getState()),
             Address.parse(e.getAddress()),
-            new Timestamp(e.getTimestampMillis()));
+            Instant.ofEpochMilli(e.getTimestampMillis()));
       }
       return ReviewerByEmailSet.fromTable(b.build());
     }
@@ -749,7 +748,7 @@
       for (ReviewerStatusUpdateProto proto : protos) {
         b.add(
             ReviewerStatusUpdate.create(
-                new Timestamp(proto.getTimestampMillis()),
+                Instant.ofEpochMilli(proto.getTimestampMillis()),
                 Account.id(proto.getUpdatedBy()),
                 Account.id(proto.getReviewer()),
                 REVIEWER_STATE_CONVERTER.convert(proto.getState())));
@@ -791,7 +790,7 @@
       for (AssigneeStatusUpdateProto proto : protos) {
         b.add(
             AssigneeStatusUpdate.create(
-                new Timestamp(proto.getTimestampMillis()),
+                Instant.ofEpochMilli(proto.getTimestampMillis()),
                 Account.id(proto.getUpdatedBy()),
                 proto.getHasCurrentAssignee()
                     ? Optional.of(Account.id(proto.getCurrentAssignee()))
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/restapi/change/PostReview.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/restapi/change/PostReview.java
index 0c64402..2e70e90 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/restapi/change/PostReview.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/restapi/change/PostReview.java
@@ -1456,7 +1456,7 @@
           PatchSetApproval.Builder b =
               c.toBuilder()
                   .value(ent.getValue())
-                  .granted(ctx.getWhen())
+                  .granted(ctx.getWhen().toInstant())
                   .tag(Optional.ofNullable(in.tag));
           ctx.getUser().updateRealAccountId(b::realAccountId);
           c = b.build();
@@ -1473,7 +1473,7 @@
           c =
               ApprovalsUtil.newApproval(psId, user, lt.getLabelId(), ent.getValue(), ctx.getWhen())
                   .tag(Optional.ofNullable(in.tag))
-                  .granted(ctx.getWhen())
+                  .granted(ctx.getWhen().toInstant())
                   .build();
           ups.add(c);
           addLabelDelta(normName, c.value());
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/query/ApprovalQueryIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/query/ApprovalQueryIT.java
index 97f072e..925c855 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/query/ApprovalQueryIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/query/ApprovalQueryIT.java
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.query.approval.ApprovalContext;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.query.approval.ApprovalQueryBuilder;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
-import java.util.Date;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevWalk;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
     PatchSetApproval approval =
         PatchSetApproval.builder()
             .postSubmit(false)
-            .granted(new Date())
+            .granted(Instant.now())
             .key(PatchSetApproval.key(psId, approver, LabelId.create("Code-Review")))
             .value(value)
             .build();
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/entities/LabelFunctionTest.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/entities/LabelFunctionTest.java
index 0132697..80d97db 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/entities/LabelFunctionTest.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/entities/LabelFunctionTest.java
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Date;
 import java.util.List;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@
     return PatchSetApproval.builder()
         .key(PatchSetApproval.key(PS_ID, Account.id(10000 + value), LABEL_ID))
         .value(value)
-        .granted(Date.from(Instant.now()))
+        .granted(Instant.now())
         .build();
   }
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/entities/converter/PatchSetApprovalProtoConverterTest.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/entities/converter/PatchSetApprovalProtoConverterTest.java
index 0338959..f9e07b4 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/entities/converter/PatchSetApprovalProtoConverterTest.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/entities/converter/PatchSetApprovalProtoConverterTest.java
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.proto.testing.SerializedClassSubject;
 import com.google.inject.TypeLiteral;
 import java.lang.reflect.Type;
-import java.sql.Timestamp;
-import java.util.Date;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@
                     PatchSet.id(Change.id(42), 14), Account.id(100013), LabelId.create("label-8")))
             .uuid(Optional.of(PatchSetApproval.uuid("577fb248e474018276351785930358ec0450e9f7")))
             .value(456)
-            .granted(new Date(987654L))
+            .granted(Instant.ofEpochMilli(987654L))
             .tag("tag-21")
             .realAccountId(Account.id(612))
             .postSubmit(true)
@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@
                 PatchSetApproval.key(
                     PatchSet.id(Change.id(42), 14), Account.id(100013), LabelId.create("label-8")))
             .value(456)
-            .granted(new Date(987654L))
+            .granted(Instant.ofEpochMilli(987654L))
             .build();
 
     Entities.PatchSetApproval proto = protoConverter.toProto(patchSetApproval);
@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@
                     PatchSet.id(Change.id(42), 14), Account.id(100013), LabelId.create("label-8")))
             .uuid(Optional.of(PatchSetApproval.uuid("577fb248e474018276351785930358ec0450e9f7")))
             .value(456)
-            .granted(new Date(987654L))
+            .granted(Instant.ofEpochMilli(987654L))
             .tag("tag-21")
             .realAccountId(Account.id(612))
             .postSubmit(true)
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@
                 PatchSetApproval.key(
                     PatchSet.id(Change.id(42), 14), Account.id(100013), LabelId.create("label-8")))
             .value(456)
-            .granted(new Date(987654L))
+            .granted(Instant.ofEpochMilli(987654L))
             .build();
 
     PatchSetApproval convertedPatchSetApproval =
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@
     assertThat(patchSetApproval.labelId()).isEqualTo(LabelId.create("label-8"));
     // Default values for unset protobuf fields which can't be unset in the entity object.
     assertThat(patchSetApproval.value()).isEqualTo(0);
-    assertThat(patchSetApproval.granted()).isEqualTo(new Timestamp(0));
+    assertThat(patchSetApproval.granted()).isEqualTo(Instant.ofEpochMilli(0));
     assertThat(patchSetApproval.postSubmit()).isEqualTo(false);
     assertThat(patchSetApproval.copied()).isEqualTo(false);
   }
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@
                 .put("key", PatchSetApproval.Key.class)
                 .put("uuid", new TypeLiteral<Optional<PatchSetApproval.UUID>>() {}.getType())
                 .put("value", short.class)
-                .put("granted", Timestamp.class)
+                .put("granted", Instant.class)
                 .put("tag", new TypeLiteral<Optional<String>>() {}.getType())
                 .put("realAccountId", Account.Id.class)
                 .put("postSubmit", boolean.class)
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/change/LabelNormalizerTest.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/change/LabelNormalizerTest.java
index 8f341aa..38e50b5 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/change/LabelNormalizerTest.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/change/LabelNormalizerTest.java
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
     return PatchSetApproval.builder()
         .key(PatchSetApproval.key(change.currentPatchSetId(), accountId, LabelId.create(label)))
         .value(value)
-        .granted(TimeUtil.nowTs())
+        .granted(TimeUtil.now())
         .build();
   }
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/index/change/ChangeFieldTest.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/index/change/ChangeFieldTest.java
index 6ad2060..dc1440b 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/index/change/ChangeFieldTest.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/index/change/ChangeFieldTest.java
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.query.change.ChangeData;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.util.time.TimeUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.testing.TestTimeUtil;
-import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
@@ -55,17 +55,22 @@
 
   @Test
   public void reviewerFieldValues() {
-    Table<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp> t = HashBasedTable.create();
-    Timestamp t1 = TimeUtil.nowTs();
+    Table<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant> t = HashBasedTable.create();
+
+    // Timestamps are stored as epoch millis in the reviewer field. Epoch millis are less precise
+    // than Instants which have nanosecond precision. Create Instants with millisecond precision
+    // here so that the comparison for the assertions works.
+    Instant t1 = Instant.ofEpochMilli(TimeUtil.nowMs());
+    Instant t2 = Instant.ofEpochMilli(TimeUtil.nowMs());
+
     t.put(ReviewerStateInternal.REVIEWER, Account.id(1), t1);
-    Timestamp t2 = TimeUtil.nowTs();
     t.put(ReviewerStateInternal.CC, Account.id(2), t2);
     ReviewerSet reviewers = ReviewerSet.fromTable(t);
 
     List<String> values = ChangeField.getReviewerFieldValues(reviewers);
     assertThat(values)
         .containsExactly(
-            "REVIEWER,1", "REVIEWER,1," + t1.getTime(), "CC,2", "CC,2," + t2.getTime());
+            "REVIEWER,1", "REVIEWER,1," + t1.toEpochMilli(), "CC,2", "CC,2," + t2.toEpochMilli());
 
     assertThat(ChangeField.parseReviewerFieldValues(Change.id(1), values)).isEqualTo(reviewers);
   }
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/AbstractChangeNotesTest.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/AbstractChangeNotesTest.java
index a2a9b7d..0efa843 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/AbstractChangeNotesTest.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/AbstractChangeNotesTest.java
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import com.google.inject.Injector;
 import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.TimeZone;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.dfs.InMemoryRepository;
@@ -286,11 +287,11 @@
     return c;
   }
 
-  protected static Timestamp truncate(Timestamp ts) {
-    return new Timestamp((ts.getTime() / 1000) * 1000);
+  protected static Instant truncate(Instant ts) {
+    return Instant.ofEpochMilli((ts.toEpochMilli() / 1000) * 1000);
   }
 
-  protected static Timestamp after(Change c, long millis) {
-    return new Timestamp(c.getCreatedOn().getTime() + millis);
+  protected static Instant after(Change c, long millis) {
+    return Instant.ofEpochMilli(c.getCreatedOn().getTime() + millis);
   }
 }
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesStateTest.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesStateTest.java
index d9846ce..60aa5f3 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesStateTest.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesStateTest.java
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@
                     PatchSet.id(ID, 1), Account.id(2001), LabelId.create(LabelId.CODE_REVIEW)))
             .value(1)
             .tag("tag")
-            .granted(new Timestamp(1212L))
+            .granted(Instant.ofEpochMilli(1212L))
             .build();
     Entities.PatchSetApproval psa1 = PatchSetApprovalProtoConverter.INSTANCE.toProto(a1);
     ByteString a1Bytes = Protos.toByteString(psa1);
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@
             .value(-1)
             .tag("tag")
             .copied(true)
-            .granted(new Timestamp(3434L))
+            .granted(Instant.ofEpochMilli(3434L))
             .build();
     Entities.PatchSetApproval psa2 = PatchSetApprovalProtoConverter.INSTANCE.toProto(a2);
     ByteString a2Bytes = Protos.toByteString(psa2);
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@
             .uuid(Optional.of(PatchSetApproval.uuid("577fb248e474018276351785930358ec0450e9f7")))
             .value(1)
             .tag("tag")
-            .granted(new Timestamp(1212L))
+            .granted(Instant.ofEpochMilli(1212L))
             .build();
     Entities.PatchSetApproval psa1 = PatchSetApprovalProtoConverter.INSTANCE.toProto(a1);
     ByteString a1Bytes = Protos.toByteString(psa1);
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@
             .value(-1)
             .tag("tag")
             .copied(true)
-            .granted(new Timestamp(3434L))
+            .granted(Instant.ofEpochMilli(3434L))
             .build();
     Entities.PatchSetApproval psa2 = PatchSetApprovalProtoConverter.INSTANCE.toProto(a2);
     ByteString a2Bytes = Protos.toByteString(psa2);
@@ -459,9 +459,13 @@
         newBuilder()
             .reviewers(
                 ReviewerSet.fromTable(
-                    ImmutableTable.<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp>builder()
-                        .put(ReviewerStateInternal.CC, Account.id(2001), new Timestamp(1212L))
-                        .put(ReviewerStateInternal.REVIEWER, Account.id(2002), new Timestamp(3434L))
+                    ImmutableTable.<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant>builder()
+                        .put(
+                            ReviewerStateInternal.CC, Account.id(2001), Instant.ofEpochMilli(1212L))
+                        .put(
+                            ReviewerStateInternal.REVIEWER,
+                            Account.id(2002),
+                            Instant.ofEpochMilli(3434L))
                         .build()))
             .build(),
         ChangeNotesStateProto.newBuilder()
@@ -487,15 +491,15 @@
         newBuilder()
             .reviewersByEmail(
                 ReviewerByEmailSet.fromTable(
-                    ImmutableTable.<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Timestamp>builder()
+                    ImmutableTable.<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Instant>builder()
                         .put(
                             ReviewerStateInternal.CC,
                             Address.create("Name1", "email1@example.com"),
-                            new Timestamp(1212L))
+                            Instant.ofEpochMilli(1212L))
                         .put(
                             ReviewerStateInternal.REVIEWER,
                             Address.create("Name2", "email2@example.com"),
-                            new Timestamp(3434L))
+                            Instant.ofEpochMilli(3434L))
                         .build()))
             .build(),
         ChangeNotesStateProto.newBuilder()
@@ -525,7 +529,7 @@
                         ImmutableTable.of(
                             ReviewerStateInternal.CC,
                             Address.create("emailonly@example.com"),
-                            new Timestamp(1212L))))
+                            Instant.ofEpochMilli(1212L))))
                 .build(),
             ChangeNotesStateProto.newBuilder()
                 .setMetaId(SHA_BYTES)
@@ -553,9 +557,13 @@
         newBuilder()
             .pendingReviewers(
                 ReviewerSet.fromTable(
-                    ImmutableTable.<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp>builder()
-                        .put(ReviewerStateInternal.CC, Account.id(2001), new Timestamp(1212L))
-                        .put(ReviewerStateInternal.REVIEWER, Account.id(2002), new Timestamp(3434L))
+                    ImmutableTable.<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant>builder()
+                        .put(
+                            ReviewerStateInternal.CC, Account.id(2001), Instant.ofEpochMilli(1212L))
+                        .put(
+                            ReviewerStateInternal.REVIEWER,
+                            Account.id(2002),
+                            Instant.ofEpochMilli(3434L))
                         .build()))
             .build(),
         ChangeNotesStateProto.newBuilder()
@@ -581,15 +589,15 @@
         newBuilder()
             .pendingReviewersByEmail(
                 ReviewerByEmailSet.fromTable(
-                    ImmutableTable.<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Timestamp>builder()
+                    ImmutableTable.<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Instant>builder()
                         .put(
                             ReviewerStateInternal.CC,
                             Address.create("Name1", "email1@example.com"),
-                            new Timestamp(1212L))
+                            Instant.ofEpochMilli(1212L))
                         .put(
                             ReviewerStateInternal.REVIEWER,
                             Address.create("Name2", "email2@example.com"),
-                            new Timestamp(3434L))
+                            Instant.ofEpochMilli(3434L))
                         .build()))
             .build(),
         ChangeNotesStateProto.newBuilder()
@@ -629,12 +637,12 @@
             .reviewerUpdates(
                 ImmutableList.of(
                     ReviewerStatusUpdate.create(
-                        new Timestamp(1212L),
+                        Instant.ofEpochMilli(1212L),
                         Account.id(1000),
                         Account.id(2002),
                         ReviewerStateInternal.CC),
                     ReviewerStatusUpdate.create(
-                        new Timestamp(3434L),
+                        Instant.ofEpochMilli(3434L),
                         Account.id(1000),
                         Account.id(2001),
                         ReviewerStateInternal.REVIEWER)))
@@ -796,9 +804,11 @@
             .assigneeUpdates(
                 ImmutableList.of(
                     AssigneeStatusUpdate.create(
-                        new Timestamp(1212L), Account.id(1000), Optional.of(Account.id(2001))),
+                        Instant.ofEpochMilli(1212L),
+                        Account.id(1000),
+                        Optional.of(Account.id(2001))),
                     AssigneeStatusUpdate.create(
-                        new Timestamp(3434L), Account.id(1000), Optional.empty())))
+                        Instant.ofEpochMilli(3434L), Account.id(1000), Optional.empty())))
             .build(),
         ChangeNotesStateProto.newBuilder()
             .setMetaId(SHA_BYTES)
@@ -1024,7 +1034,7 @@
                 .put("key", PatchSetApproval.Key.class)
                 .put("uuid", new TypeLiteral<Optional<PatchSetApproval.UUID>>() {}.getType())
                 .put("value", short.class)
-                .put("granted", Timestamp.class)
+                .put("granted", Instant.class)
                 .put("tag", new TypeLiteral<Optional<String>>() {}.getType())
                 .put("realAccountId", Account.Id.class)
                 .put("postSubmit", boolean.class)
@@ -1040,7 +1050,7 @@
             ImmutableMap.of(
                 "table",
                 new TypeLiteral<
-                    ImmutableTable<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp>>() {}.getType(),
+                    ImmutableTable<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant>>() {}.getType(),
                 "accounts",
                 new TypeLiteral<ImmutableSet<Account.Id>>() {}.getType()));
   }
@@ -1052,7 +1062,7 @@
             ImmutableMap.of(
                 "table",
                 new TypeLiteral<
-                    ImmutableTable<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Timestamp>>() {}.getType(),
+                    ImmutableTable<ReviewerStateInternal, Address, Instant>>() {}.getType(),
                 "users",
                 new TypeLiteral<ImmutableSet<Address>>() {}.getType()));
   }
@@ -1062,7 +1072,7 @@
     assertThatSerializedClass(ReviewerStatusUpdate.class)
         .hasAutoValueMethods(
             ImmutableMap.of(
-                "date", Timestamp.class,
+                "date", Instant.class,
                 "updatedBy", Account.Id.class,
                 "reviewer", Account.Id.class,
                 "state", ReviewerStateInternal.class));
@@ -1074,7 +1084,7 @@
         .hasAutoValueMethods(
             ImmutableMap.of(
                 "date",
-                Timestamp.class,
+                Instant.class,
                 "updatedBy",
                 Account.Id.class,
                 "currentAssignee",
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesTest.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesTest.java
index 38daae6..1c568aa 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesTest.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/ChangeNotesTest.java
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@
                 PatchSetApproval.builder()
                     .key(psa.key())
                     .value(0)
-                    .granted(update.getWhen())
+                    .granted(update.getWhen().toInstant())
                     .build()));
   }
 
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@
                     LabelId.create(LabelId.CODE_REVIEW)))
             .value(1)
             .copied(true)
-            .granted(TimeUtil.nowTs())
+            .granted(TimeUtil.now())
             .tag("tag")
             .realAccountId(otherUserId)
             .build());
@@ -975,7 +975,7 @@
                     LabelId.create(LabelId.CODE_REVIEW)))
             .value(1)
             .copied(true)
-            .granted(TimeUtil.nowTs())
+            .granted(TimeUtil.now())
             .build());
     update.commit();
 
@@ -1008,7 +1008,7 @@
                     LabelId.create(LabelId.CODE_REVIEW)))
             .value(1)
             .copied(true)
-            .granted(TimeUtil.nowTs())
+            .granted(TimeUtil.now())
             .tag(strangeTag)
             .build());
     update.commit();
@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@
                     LabelId.create(LabelId.CODE_REVIEW)))
             .value(1)
             .copied(true)
-            .granted(TimeUtil.nowTs())
+            .granted(TimeUtil.now())
             .build());
     update.putCopiedApproval(
         PatchSetApproval.builder()
@@ -1048,7 +1048,7 @@
                     LabelId.create(LabelId.VERIFIED)))
             .value(1)
             .copied(true)
-            .granted(TimeUtil.nowTs())
+            .granted(TimeUtil.now())
             .build());
     update.commit();
 
@@ -1073,7 +1073,7 @@
                     LabelId.create(LabelId.CODE_REVIEW)))
             .value(2)
             .copied(true)
-            .granted(TimeUtil.nowTs())
+            .granted(TimeUtil.now())
             .build());
     update.commit();
 
@@ -1097,11 +1097,11 @@
     update.commit();
 
     ChangeNotes notes = newNotes(c);
-    Timestamp ts = new Timestamp(update.getWhen().getTime());
+    Instant ts = update.getWhen().toInstant();
     assertThat(notes.getReviewers())
         .isEqualTo(
             ReviewerSet.fromTable(
-                ImmutableTable.<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp>builder()
+                ImmutableTable.<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant>builder()
                     .put(REVIEWER, Account.id(1), ts)
                     .put(REVIEWER, Account.id(2), ts)
                     .build()));
@@ -1116,11 +1116,11 @@
     update.commit();
 
     ChangeNotes notes = newNotes(c);
-    Timestamp ts = new Timestamp(update.getWhen().getTime());
+    Instant ts = update.getWhen().toInstant();
     assertThat(notes.getReviewers())
         .isEqualTo(
             ReviewerSet.fromTable(
-                ImmutableTable.<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Timestamp>builder()
+                ImmutableTable.<ReviewerStateInternal, Account.Id, Instant>builder()
                     .put(REVIEWER, Account.id(1), ts)
                     .put(CC, Account.id(2), ts)
                     .build()));
@@ -1134,7 +1134,7 @@
     update.commit();
 
     ChangeNotes notes = newNotes(c);
-    Timestamp ts = new Timestamp(update.getWhen().getTime());
+    Instant ts = update.getWhen().toInstant();
     assertThat(notes.getReviewers())
         .isEqualTo(ReviewerSet.fromTable(ImmutableTable.of(REVIEWER, Account.id(2), ts)));
 
@@ -1143,7 +1143,7 @@
     update.commit();
 
     notes = newNotes(c);
-    ts = new Timestamp(update.getWhen().getTime());
+    ts = update.getWhen().toInstant();
     assertThat(notes.getReviewers())
         .isEqualTo(ReviewerSet.fromTable(ImmutableTable.of(CC, Account.id(2), ts)));
   }
@@ -4016,7 +4016,7 @@
             .key(originalPsa.key())
             .value(originalPsa.value())
             .copied(true)
-            .granted(TimeUtil.nowTs())
+            .granted(TimeUtil.now())
             .tag(originalPsa.tag())
             .uuid(originalPsa.uuid())
             .realAccountId(originalPsa.realAccountId())
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/CommitRewriterTest.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/CommitRewriterTest.java
index b29ce29..1818285 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/CommitRewriterTest.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/CommitRewriterTest.java
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
 import com.google.gson.Gson;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -495,7 +496,7 @@
     BackfillResult result = rewriter.backfillProject(project, repo, options);
     assertThat(result.fixedRefDiff.keySet()).containsExactly(RefNames.changeMetaRef(c.getId()));
 
-    Timestamp updateTimestamp = new Timestamp(serverIdent.getWhen().getTime());
+    Instant updateTimestamp = serverIdent.getWhen().toInstant();
     ImmutableList<ReviewerStatusUpdate> expectedReviewerUpdates =
         ImmutableList.of(
             ReviewerStatusUpdate.create(
@@ -579,21 +580,18 @@
     BackfillResult result = rewriter.backfillProject(project, repo, options);
     assertThat(result.fixedRefDiff.keySet()).containsExactly(RefNames.changeMetaRef(c.getId()));
 
-    Timestamp updateTimestamp = new Timestamp(serverIdent.getWhen().getTime());
+    Instant updateTimestamp = serverIdent.getWhen().toInstant();
     ImmutableList<ReviewerStatusUpdate> expectedReviewerUpdates =
         ImmutableList.of(
             ReviewerStatusUpdate.create(
-                new Timestamp(addReviewerUpdate.when.getTime()),
+                addReviewerUpdate.when.toInstant(),
                 changeOwner.getAccountId(),
                 otherUserId,
                 REVIEWER),
             ReviewerStatusUpdate.create(
                 updateTimestamp, changeOwner.getAccountId(), otherUserId, REMOVED),
             ReviewerStatusUpdate.create(
-                new Timestamp(addCcUpdate.when.getTime()),
-                changeOwner.getAccountId(),
-                otherUserId,
-                CC),
+                addCcUpdate.when.toInstant(), changeOwner.getAccountId(), otherUserId, CC),
             ReviewerStatusUpdate.create(
                 updateTimestamp, changeOwner.getAccountId(), otherUserId, REMOVED));
     ChangeNotes notesAfterRewrite = newNotes(c);
@@ -715,7 +713,7 @@
     BackfillResult result = rewriter.backfillProject(project, repo, options);
     assertThat(result.fixedRefDiff.keySet()).containsExactly(RefNames.changeMetaRef(c.getId()));
 
-    Timestamp updateTimestamp = new Timestamp(serverIdent.getWhen().getTime());
+    Instant updateTimestamp = serverIdent.getWhen().toInstant();
     ImmutableList<PatchSetApproval> expectedApprovals =
         ImmutableList.of(
             PatchSetApproval.builder()
@@ -852,7 +850,7 @@
     BackfillResult result = rewriter.backfillProject(project, repo, options);
     assertThat(result.fixedRefDiff.keySet()).containsExactly(RefNames.changeMetaRef(c.getId()));
 
-    Timestamp updateTimestamp = new Timestamp(serverIdent.getWhen().getTime());
+    Instant updateTimestamp = serverIdent.getWhen().toInstant();
     ImmutableList<PatchSetApproval> expectedApprovals =
         ImmutableList.of(
             PatchSetApproval.builder()
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/rules/IgnoreSelfApprovalRuleTest.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/rules/IgnoreSelfApprovalRuleTest.java
index e5dd817..509447a 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/rules/IgnoreSelfApprovalRuleTest.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/rules/IgnoreSelfApprovalRuleTest.java
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.Date;
 import java.util.List;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@
     return PatchSetApproval.builder()
         .key(PatchSetApproval.key(PS_ID, accountId, labelId))
         .value(value)
-        .granted(Date.from(Instant.now()))
+        .granted(Instant.now())
         .build();
   }
 
diff --git a/plugins/reviewnotes b/plugins/reviewnotes
index a28ae59..6226d01 160000
--- a/plugins/reviewnotes
+++ b/plugins/reviewnotes
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a28ae590486934690e4e0a95d7eb75f8b60644a6
+Subproject commit 6226d01c563846ae479cb4fdafd698b31472772c