diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/AbstractDaemonTest.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/AbstractDaemonTest.java
index d9f33ad..362803f 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/AbstractDaemonTest.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/AbstractDaemonTest.java
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
 import com.google.common.primitives.Chars;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AcceptanceTestRequestScope.Context;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.account.TestSshKeys;
-import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.Nullable;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.AccessSection;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.GroupDescription;
@@ -295,7 +294,6 @@
   @Inject private AccountIndexer accountIndexer;
   @Inject private Groups groups;
   @Inject private GroupIndexer groupIndexer;
-  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   private ProjectResetter resetter;
   private List<Repository> toClose;
@@ -552,43 +550,6 @@
     return resourcePrefix + name;
   }
 
-  protected Project.NameKey createProject(String nameSuffix, Project.NameKey parent)
-      throws Exception {
-    // Default for createEmptyCommit should match TestProjectConfig.
-    return projectOperations.newProject().parent(parent).create();
-  }
-
-  protected Project.NameKey createProject(
-      String nameSuffix, Project.NameKey parent, boolean createEmptyCommit) throws Exception {
-    // Default for createEmptyCommit should match TestProjectConfig.
-    if (parent == null) {
-      return projectOperations.newProject().createEmptyCommit(createEmptyCommit).create();
-    }
-    return projectOperations
-        .newProject()
-        .parent(parent)
-        .createEmptyCommit(createEmptyCommit)
-        .create();
-  }
-
-  protected Project.NameKey createProject(
-      String nameSuffix, Project.NameKey parent, boolean createEmptyCommit, SubmitType submitType)
-      throws Exception {
-    if (parent == null) {
-      return projectOperations
-          .newProject()
-          .createEmptyCommit(createEmptyCommit)
-          .submitType(submitType)
-          .create();
-    }
-    return projectOperations
-        .newProject()
-        .submitType(submitType)
-        .parent(parent)
-        .createEmptyCommit(createEmptyCommit)
-        .create();
-  }
-
   protected Project.NameKey createProjectOverAPI(
       String nameSuffix, Project.NameKey parent, boolean createEmptyCommit, SubmitType submitType)
       throws RestApiException {
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIT.java
index 995f89b..aa1ad7b 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIT.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GitUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.NoHttpd;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.BranchInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.CommentLinkInfo;
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@
   private static final String JIRA_MATCH = "(jira\\\\s+#?)(\\\\d+)";
 
   @Inject private DynamicSet<ProjectIndexedListener> projectIndexedListeners;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Inject
   @IndexExecutor(BATCH)
@@ -429,7 +431,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void reindexProject() throws Exception {
-    createProject("child", project);
+    projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
     projectIndexedCounter.clear();
 
     gApi.projects().name(allProjects.get()).index(false);
@@ -438,8 +440,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void reindexProjectWithChildren() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey middle = createProject("middle", project);
-    Project.NameKey leave = createProject("leave", middle);
+    Project.NameKey middle = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
+    Project.NameKey leave = projectOperations.newProject().parent(middle).create();
     projectIndexedCounter.clear();
 
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).index(true);
@@ -473,7 +475,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.inheritProjectMaxObjectSizeLimit", value = "true")
   public void maxObjectSizeIsInheritedFromParentProject() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("100k");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("102400");
@@ -489,7 +491,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void maxObjectSizeIsNotInheritedFromParentProject() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("100k");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("102400");
@@ -504,7 +506,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void maxObjectSizeOverridesParentProjectWhenNotSetOnParent() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("0");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isNull();
@@ -519,7 +521,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void maxObjectSizeOverridesParentProjectWhenLower() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("200k");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("204800");
@@ -535,7 +537,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.inheritProjectMaxObjectSizeLimit", value = "true")
   public void maxObjectSizeDoesNotOverrideParentProjectWhenHigher() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("100k");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("102400");
@@ -552,7 +554,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.maxObjectSizeLimit", value = "200k")
   public void maxObjectSizeIsInheritedFromGlobalConfig() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = getConfig();
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("204800");
@@ -577,7 +579,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.maxObjectSizeLimit", value = "300k")
   public void inheritedMaxObjectSizeOverridesGlobalConfigWhenLower() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("200k");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("204800");
@@ -594,7 +596,7 @@
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.maxObjectSizeLimit", value = "200k")
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.inheritProjectMaxObjectSizeLimit", value = "true")
   public void maxObjectSizeDoesNotOverrideGlobalConfigWhenHigher() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("300k");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("204800");
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIndexerIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIndexerIT.java
index 6fde012..6b511f6 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIndexerIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIndexerIT.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.index.IndexConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.index.QueryOptions;
 import com.google.gerrit.index.RefState;
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@
   @Inject private ProjectIndexCollection indexes;
   @Inject private IndexConfig indexConfig;
   @Inject private StalenessChecker stalenessChecker;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   private static final ImmutableSet<String> FIELDS =
       ImmutableSet.of(ProjectField.NAME.getName(), ProjectField.REF_STATE.getName());
@@ -96,8 +98,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void stalenessChecker_hierarchyChange_isStale() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey p1 = createProject("p1", allProjects);
-    Project.NameKey p2 = createProject("p2", allProjects);
+    Project.NameKey p1 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    Project.NameKey p2 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     try (ProjectConfigUpdate u = updateProject(project)) {
       u.getConfig().getProject().setParentName(p1);
       u.save();
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/SetParentIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/SetParentIT.java
index 3295f1a..35dc929 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/SetParentIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/SetParentIT.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GerritConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.NoHttpd;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.AuthException;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.BadRequestException;
@@ -27,14 +28,17 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllProjectsNameProvider;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.group.SystemGroupBackend;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 @NoHttpd
 public class SetParentIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
 
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
+
   @Test
   public void setParentNotAllowed() throws Exception {
-    String parent = createProject("parent", null, true).get();
+    String parent = this.projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
     exception.expect(AuthException.class);
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(parent);
@@ -43,7 +47,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.allowProjectOwnersToChangeParent", value = "true")
   public void setParentNotAllowedForNonOwners() throws Exception {
-    String parent = createProject("parent", null, true).get();
+    String parent = this.projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
     exception.expect(AuthException.class);
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(parent);
@@ -52,7 +56,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.allowProjectOwnersToChangeParent", value = "true")
   public void setParentAllowedByAdminWhenAllowProjectOwnersEnabled() throws Exception {
-    String parent = createProject("parent", null, true).get();
+    String parent = this.projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
 
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(parent);
     assertThat(gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent()).isEqualTo(parent);
@@ -67,7 +71,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.allowProjectOwnersToChangeParent", value = "true")
   public void setParentAllowedForOwners() throws Exception {
-    String parent = createProject("parent", null, true).get();
+    String parent = this.projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
     grant(project, "refs/*", Permission.OWNER, false, SystemGroupBackend.REGISTERED_USERS);
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(parent);
@@ -76,7 +80,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void setParent() throws Exception {
-    String parent = createProject("parent", null, true).get();
+    String parent = this.projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
 
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(parent);
     assertThat(gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent()).isEqualTo(parent);
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void setParentToOwnChildNotAllowed() throws Exception {
-    String child = createProject("child", project, true).get();
+    String child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create().get();
     exception.expect(ResourceConflictException.class);
     exception.expectMessage("cycle exists between");
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(child);
@@ -112,8 +116,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void setParentToGrandchildNotAllowed() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject("child", project, true);
-    String grandchild = createProject("grandchild", child, true).get();
+    Project.NameKey child = this.projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
+    String grandchild = this.projectOperations.newProject().parent(child).create().get();
     exception.expect(ResourceConflictException.class);
     exception.expectMessage("cycle exists between");
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(grandchild);
@@ -137,7 +141,7 @@
   public void setParentForAllUsersMustBeAllProjects() throws Exception {
     gApi.projects().name(allUsers.get()).parent(allProjects.get());
 
-    String parent = createProject("parent", null, true).get();
+    String parent = this.projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
 
     exception.expect(BadRequestException.class);
     exception.expectMessage("All-Users must inherit from All-Projects");
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/AbstractSubmoduleSubscription.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/AbstractSubmoduleSubscription.java
index 28a45c3..242422e 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/AbstractSubmoduleSubscription.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/AbstractSubmoduleSubscription.java
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
-import com.google.gerrit.common.Nullable;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.SubscribeSection;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.client.SubmitType;
@@ -104,15 +103,14 @@
     return cfg;
   }
 
-  protected Project.NameKey createProjectForPush(
-      String name,
-      @Nullable Project.NameKey parent,
-      boolean createEmptyCommit,
-      SubmitType submitType)
-      throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey project = createProject(name, parent, createEmptyCommit, submitType);
+  protected void grantPush(Project.NameKey project) throws Exception {
     grant(project, "refs/heads/*", Permission.PUSH);
     grant(project, "refs/for/refs/heads/*", Permission.SUBMIT);
+  }
+
+  protected Project.NameKey createProjectForPush(SubmitType submitType) throws Exception {
+    Project.NameKey project = this.projectOperations.newProject().submitType(submitType).create();
+    grantPush(project);
     return project;
   }
 
@@ -120,8 +118,8 @@
 
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
-    superKey = createProjectForPush("super", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    subKey = createProjectForPush("sub", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    superKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    subKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     superRepo = cloneProject(superKey);
     subRepo = cloneProject(subKey);
   }
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsIT.java
index 8317ab1..0ff9adb 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsIT.java
@@ -403,12 +403,16 @@
 
   @Test
   public void subscriptionInheritACL() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey configKey = createProjectForPush("config-repo", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey configKey =
+        this.projectOperations.newProject().submitType(getSubmitType()).create();
+    grantPush(configKey);
     Project.NameKey config2Key =
-        createProjectForPush("config-repo2", configKey, true, getSubmitType());
+        projectOperations.newProject().parent(configKey).submitType(getSubmitType()).create();
+    grantPush(config2Key);
     cloneProject(config2Key);
 
-    subKey = createProjectForPush("subrepo", config2Key, true, getSubmitType());
+    subKey = projectOperations.newProject().parent(config2Key).submitType(getSubmitType()).create();
+    grantPush(subKey);
     subRepo = cloneProject(subKey);
 
     allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(configKey, "refs/heads/*", superKey, "refs/heads/*");
@@ -445,8 +449,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void subscriptionDeepRelative() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey nest =
-        createProjectForPush("nested/subscribed-to-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey nest = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> subRepo = cloneProject(nest);
     // master is allowed to be subscribed to any superprojects branch:
     allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(nest, "refs/heads/master", superKey, null);
@@ -511,8 +514,7 @@
     TestTimeUtil.resetWithClockStep(1, SECONDS);
     try {
 
-      Project.NameKey proj2 =
-          createProjectForPush("subscribed-to-project-2", null, true, getSubmitType());
+      Project.NameKey proj2 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
 
       TestRepository<?> subRepo2 = cloneProject(proj2);
       allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(
@@ -559,8 +561,7 @@
     // is afterwards.
     TestTimeUtil.resetWithClockStep(1, SECONDS);
     try {
-      Project.NameKey proj2 =
-          createProjectForPush("subscribed-to-project-2", null, true, getSubmitType());
+      Project.NameKey proj2 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
       TestRepository<InMemoryRepository> repo2 = cloneProject(proj2, user);
 
       allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(
@@ -604,10 +605,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void updateOnlyRelevantSubmodules() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey subkey1 =
-        createProjectForPush("subscribed-to-project-1", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey subkey2 =
-        createProjectForPush("subscribed-to-project-2", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey subkey1 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey subkey2 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> subRepo1 = cloneProject(subkey1);
     TestRepository<?> subRepo2 = cloneProject(subkey2);
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsWholeTopicMergeIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsWholeTopicMergeIT.java
index 9983c3a..691ace2 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsWholeTopicMergeIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsWholeTopicMergeIT.java
@@ -367,8 +367,20 @@
   @Test
   public void doNotUseFastForward() throws Exception {
     // like setup, but without empty commit
-    superKey = createProjectForPush("super-nc", null, false, getSubmitType());
-    subKey = createProjectForPush("sub-nc", null, false, getSubmitType());
+    superKey =
+        this.projectOperations
+            .newProject()
+            .submitType(getSubmitType())
+            .createEmptyCommit(false)
+            .create();
+    grantPush(superKey);
+    subKey =
+        this.projectOperations
+            .newProject()
+            .submitType(getSubmitType())
+            .createEmptyCommit(false)
+            .create();
+    grantPush(subKey);
     superRepo = cloneProject(superKey);
     subRepo = cloneProject(subKey);
 
@@ -395,8 +407,20 @@
   @Test
   public void useFastForwardWhenNoSubmodule() throws Exception {
     // like setup, but without empty commit
-    superKey = createProjectForPush("super-nc", null, false, getSubmitType());
-    subKey = createProjectForPush("sub-nc", null, false, getSubmitType());
+    superKey =
+        this.projectOperations
+            .newProject()
+            .submitType(getSubmitType())
+            .createEmptyCommit(false)
+            .create();
+    grantPush(superKey);
+    subKey =
+        this.projectOperations
+            .newProject()
+            .submitType(getSubmitType())
+            .createEmptyCommit(false)
+            .create();
+    grantPush(subKey);
     superRepo = cloneProject(superKey);
     subRepo = cloneProject(subKey);
 
@@ -493,7 +517,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void nonSubmoduleInSameTopic() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey standaloneKey = createProjectForPush("standalone", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey standaloneKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> standAlone = cloneProject(standaloneKey);
 
     allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(subKey, "refs/heads/master", superKey, "refs/heads/master");
@@ -533,9 +557,9 @@
 
   @Test
   public void recursiveSubmodules() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey topKey = createProjectForPush("top-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey midKey = createProjectForPush("mid-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey botKey = createProjectForPush("bottom-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey topKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey midKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey botKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> topRepo = cloneProject(topKey);
     TestRepository<?> midRepo = cloneProject(midKey);
     TestRepository<?> bottomRepo = cloneProject(botKey);
@@ -563,9 +587,9 @@
 
   @Test
   public void triangleSubmodules() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey topKey = createProjectForPush("top-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey midKey = createProjectForPush("mid-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey botKey = createProjectForPush("bottom-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey topKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey midKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey botKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> topRepo = cloneProject(topKey);
     TestRepository<?> midRepo = cloneProject(midKey);
     TestRepository<?> bottomRepo = cloneProject(botKey);
@@ -597,9 +621,9 @@
   }
 
   private String prepareBranchCircularSubscription() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey topKey = createProjectForPush("top-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey midKey = createProjectForPush("mid-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey botKey = createProjectForPush("bottom-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey topKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey midKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey botKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> topRepo = cloneProject(topKey);
     TestRepository<?> midRepo = cloneProject(midKey);
     TestRepository<?> bottomRepo = cloneProject(botKey);
@@ -662,8 +686,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void projectNoSubscriptionWholeTopic() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush("project-a", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush("project-b", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
 
     TestRepository<?> repoA = cloneProject(keyA);
     TestRepository<?> repoB = cloneProject(keyB);
@@ -733,8 +757,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void twoProjectsMultipleBranchesWholeTopic() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush("project-a", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush("project-b", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> repoA = cloneProject(keyA);
     TestRepository<?> repoB = cloneProject(keyB);
     // bootstrap the dev branch
@@ -782,9 +806,9 @@
   public void retrySubmitAfterTornTopicOnLockFailure() throws Exception {
     assume().that(notesMigration.disableChangeReviewDb()).isTrue();
 
-    Project.NameKey subKey1 = createProjectForPush("sub1", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey subKey1 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> sub1 = cloneProject(subKey1);
-    Project.NameKey subKey2 = createProjectForPush("sub2", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey subKey2 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> sub2 = cloneProject(subKey2);
 
     allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(subKey1, "refs/heads/master", superKey, "refs/heads/master");
@@ -844,9 +868,9 @@
 
   @Test
   public void skipUpdatingBrokenGitlinkPointer() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey subKey1 = createProjectForPush("sub1", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey subKey1 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> sub1 = cloneProject(subKey1);
-    Project.NameKey subKey2 = createProjectForPush("sub2", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey subKey2 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> sub2 = cloneProject(subKey2);
 
     allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(subKey1, "refs/heads/master", superKey, "refs/heads/master");
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/binding/ProjectsRestApiBindingsIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/binding/ProjectsRestApiBindingsIT.java
index 0c18dbb..c838cf9 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/binding/ProjectsRestApiBindingsIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/binding/ProjectsRestApiBindingsIT.java
@@ -27,11 +27,13 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GitUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.rest.util.RestApiCallHelper;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.rest.util.RestCall;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ReviewInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.BranchInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.TagInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.junit.TestRepository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevCommit;
@@ -156,6 +158,7 @@
       ImmutableList.of(RestCall.get("/projects/%s/commits/%s/files/%s/content"));
 
   private static final String FILENAME = "test.txt";
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Test
   public void projectEndpoints() throws Exception {
@@ -164,7 +167,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void childProjectEndpoints() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey childProject = createProject("test-child-repo", project);
+    Project.NameKey childProject = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
     RestApiCallHelper.execute(
         adminRestSession, CHILD_PROJECT_ENDPOINTS, project.get(), childProject.get());
   }
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/AbstractSubmit.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/AbstractSubmit.java
index 8b755e9..bab4c1d 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/AbstractSubmit.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/AbstractSubmit.java
@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestAccount;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestProjectInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
-import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.TestProjectCreation;
-import com.google.gerrit.common.Nullable;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ChangeApi;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.SubmitInput;
@@ -67,7 +65,6 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.PatchSet;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.PatchSetApproval;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
-import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project.NameKey;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.RefNames;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.ApprovalsUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.IdentifiedUser;
@@ -389,9 +386,9 @@
     String topic = "test-topic";
 
     // Create test projects
-    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(null, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> repoA = cloneProject(keyA);
-    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(null, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> repoB = cloneProject(keyB);
 
     // Create changes on project-a
@@ -425,7 +422,7 @@
     String topic = "test-topic";
 
     // Create test project
-    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(null, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> repoA = cloneProject(keyA);
 
     RevCommit initialHead = getRemoteHead(keyA, "master");
@@ -775,9 +772,9 @@
     String topic = "test-topic";
 
     // Create test projects
-    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(null, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> repoA = cloneProject(keyA);
-    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(null, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> repoB = cloneProject(keyB);
 
     // Create changes on project-a
@@ -940,8 +937,8 @@
 
     String topic = "test-topic";
 
-    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(null, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(null, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> repoA = cloneProject(keyA);
     TestRepository<?> repoB = cloneProject(keyB);
 
@@ -1362,13 +1359,8 @@
   }
 
   // TODO(hanwen): the submodule tests have a similar method; maybe we could share code?
-  protected Project.NameKey createProjectForPush(@Nullable NameKey parent, SubmitType submitType)
-      throws Exception {
-    TestProjectCreation.Builder b = projectOperations.newProject().submitType(submitType);
-    if (parent != null) {
-      b.parent(parent);
-    }
-    Project.NameKey project = b.create();
+  protected Project.NameKey createProjectForPush(SubmitType submitType) throws Exception {
+    Project.NameKey project = projectOperations.newProject().submitType(submitType).create();
     grant(project, "refs/heads/*", Permission.PUSH);
     grant(project, "refs/for/refs/heads/*", Permission.SUBMIT);
     return project;
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ChangeOwnerIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ChangeOwnerIT.java
index ac0d0aa..164fe60 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ChangeOwnerIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ChangeOwnerIT.java
@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestAccount;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestProjectInput;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ReviewInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.AuthException;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.AccountGroup;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.group.SystemGroupBackend;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.dfs.InMemoryRepository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.junit.TestRepository;
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -32,6 +34,7 @@
 public class ChangeOwnerIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
 
   private TestAccount user2;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@
   public void testChangeOwner_OwnerACLGrantedOnParentProject() throws Exception {
     setApiUser(admin);
     grantApproveToChangeOwner(project);
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject("child", project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     setApiUser(user);
     TestRepository<InMemoryRepository> childRepo = cloneProject(child, user);
@@ -74,7 +77,7 @@
   public void testChangeOwner_BlockedOnParentProject() throws Exception {
     setApiUser(admin);
     blockApproveForChangeOwner(project);
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject("child", project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     setApiUser(user);
     grantApproveToAll(child);
@@ -92,7 +95,7 @@
   public void testChangeOwner_BlockedOnParentProjectAndExclusiveAllowOnChild() throws Exception {
     setApiUser(admin);
     blockApproveForChangeOwner(project);
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject("child", project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     setApiUser(user);
     grantExclusiveApproveToAll(child);
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/PrivateByDefaultIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/PrivateByDefaultIT.java
index f91d31a..27596c5 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/PrivateByDefaultIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/PrivateByDefaultIT.java
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
     project1 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
-    project2 = createProject("project-2", project1);
+    project2 = this.projectOperations.newProject().parent(project1).create();
     setPrivateByDefault(project1, InheritableBoolean.FALSE);
   }
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GetChildProjectIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GetChildProjectIT.java
index b7ee3f7..1055131 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GetChildProjectIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GetChildProjectIT.java
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
   @Test
   public void getGrandChildProject_NotFound() throws Exception {
     Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().create();
-    Project.NameKey grandChild = createProject("p1.1", child);
+    Project.NameKey grandChild = this.projectOperations.newProject().parent(child).create();
 
     assertChildNotFound(allProjects, grandChild.get());
   }
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
   @Test
   public void getGrandChildProjectWithRecursiveFlag() throws Exception {
     Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().create();
-    Project.NameKey grandChild = createProject("p1.1", child);
+    Project.NameKey grandChild = this.projectOperations.newProject().parent(child).create();
 
     ProjectInfo grandChildInfo =
         gApi.projects().name(allProjects.get()).child(grandChild.get()).get(true);
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListChildProjectsIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListChildProjectsIT.java
index 7089c43..c1d19b8 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListChildProjectsIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListChildProjectsIT.java
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@
   @Test
   public void listChildren() throws Exception {
     Project.NameKey child1 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
-    Project.NameKey child1_1 = createProject("p1.1", child1);
-    Project.NameKey child1_2 = createProject("p1.2", child1);
+    Project.NameKey child1_1 = this.projectOperations.newProject().parent(child1).create();
+    Project.NameKey child1_2 = this.projectOperations.newProject().parent(child1).create();
 
     assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().name(child1.get()).children()).isOrdered();
     assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().name(child1.get()).children())
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListProjectsIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListProjectsIT.java
index 1d47408..08ff946 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListProjectsIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListProjectsIT.java
@@ -104,7 +104,6 @@
 
   @Test
   public void listProjectsWithPrefix() throws Exception {
-    // Default for createEmptyCommit should match TestProjectConfig.
     Project.NameKey someProject = projectOperations.newProject().name("listtest-p1").create();
     Project.NameKey someOtherProject = projectOperations.newProject().name("listtest-p2").create();
     projectOperations.newProject().name("other-prefix-project").create();
@@ -171,10 +170,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void listProjectsWithTree() throws Exception {
-    // Default for createEmptyCommit should match TestProjectConfig.
     Project.NameKey someParentProject =
         projectOperations.newProject().name("some-parent-project").create();
-    // Default for createEmptyCommit should match TestProjectConfig.
     Project.NameKey someChildProject =
         projectOperations
             .newProject()
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ProjectLevelConfigIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ProjectLevelConfigIT.java
index c78b47b..3e51260 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ProjectLevelConfigIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ProjectLevelConfigIT.java
@@ -19,9 +19,11 @@
 
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.RefNames;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectState;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.junit.TestRepository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Config;
@@ -29,6 +31,8 @@
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 public class ProjectLevelConfigIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
+
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
     fetch(testRepo, RefNames.REFS_CONFIG + ":refs/heads/config");
@@ -82,7 +86,7 @@
         .to(RefNames.REFS_CONFIG)
         .assertOkStatus();
 
-    Project.NameKey childProject = createProject("child", project);
+    Project.NameKey childProject = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
     TestRepository<?> childTestRepo = cloneProject(childProject);
     fetch(childTestRepo, RefNames.REFS_CONFIG + ":refs/heads/config");
     childTestRepo.reset("refs/heads/config");
@@ -137,7 +141,7 @@
         .to(RefNames.REFS_CONFIG)
         .assertOkStatus();
 
-    Project.NameKey childProject = createProject("child", project);
+    Project.NameKey childProject = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
     TestRepository<?> childTestRepo = cloneProject(childProject);
     fetch(childTestRepo, RefNames.REFS_CONFIG + ":refs/heads/config");
     childTestRepo.reset("refs/heads/config");