diff --git a/Documentation/access-control.txt b/Documentation/access-control.txt
index 13e3a53..516cf13 100644
--- a/Documentation/access-control.txt
+++ b/Documentation/access-control.txt
@@ -1362,6 +1362,12 @@
 command, but also to the web UI results pagination size.
 
 
+[[capability_readAs]]
+=== Read As
+
+Allow users to impersonate any user to see which refs they can read.
+
+
 [[capability_runAs]]
 === Run As
 
diff --git a/Documentation/dev-plugins.txt b/Documentation/dev-plugins.txt
index d7bd8b3..82a9527 100644
--- a/Documentation/dev-plugins.txt
+++ b/Documentation/dev-plugins.txt
@@ -2102,6 +2102,16 @@
 `com.google.gerrit.server.git.ChangeReportFormatter` interface, a plugin
 may change the formatting of the report.
 
+[[url-formatting]]
+== URL Formatting
+
+URLs to various parts of Gerrit are usually formed by adding suffixes to
+the canonical web URL.
+
+By implementing the
+`com.google.gerrit.server.config.UrlFormatter` interface, a plugin may
+change the format of the URL.
+
 [[links-to-external-tools]]
 == Links To External Tools
 
diff --git a/Documentation/rest-api-changes.txt b/Documentation/rest-api-changes.txt
index b1c9a88..b60e56d 100644
--- a/Documentation/rest-api-changes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/rest-api-changes.txt
@@ -2454,7 +2454,7 @@
 Retrieves a change message including link:#detailed-accounts[detailed account information].
 
 --
-'GET /changes/link:#change-id[\{change-id\}]/message/link:#change-message-id[\{change-message-id\}'
+'GET /changes/link:#change-id[\{change-id\}]/message/link:#change-message-id[\{change-message-id\}]'
 --
 
 As response a link:#change-message-info[ChangeMessageInfo] entity is returned.
@@ -2483,8 +2483,8 @@
 [[delete-change-message]]
 === Delete Change Message
 --
-'DELETE /changes/link:#change-id[\{change-id\}]/message/link:#change-message-id[\{change-message-id\}' +
-'POST /changes/link:#change-id[\{change-id\}]//message/link:#change-message-id[\{change-message-id\}/delete'
+'DELETE /changes/link:#change-id[\{change-id\}]/message/link:#change-message-id[\{change-message-id\}]' +
+'POST /changes/link:#change-id[\{change-id\}]//message/link:#change-message-id[\{change-message-id\}]/delete'
 --
 
 Deletes a change message by replacing the change message with a new message,
diff --git a/WORKSPACE b/WORKSPACE
index 8c8102b..6daa686 100644
--- a/WORKSPACE
+++ b/WORKSPACE
@@ -211,6 +211,12 @@
 )
 
 maven_jar(
+    name = "guava-failureaccess",
+    artifact = "com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1",
+    sha1 = "1dcf1de382a0bf95a3d8b0849546c88bac1292c9",
+)
+
+maven_jar(
     name = "j2objc",
     artifact = "com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.1",
     sha1 = "ed28ded51a8b1c6b112568def5f4b455e6809019",
@@ -1016,8 +1022,8 @@
 # and httpasyncclient as necessary.
 maven_jar(
     name = "elasticsearch-rest-client",
-    artifact = "org.elasticsearch.client:elasticsearch-rest-client:6.5.0",
-    sha1 = "241436d27cf65b84d17126dc7b6b947e8e2c173c",
+    artifact = "org.elasticsearch.client:elasticsearch-rest-client:6.5.1",
+    sha1 = "d87892e24ef361b9fff5435246b0f0b8f4561fe8",
 )
 
 JACKSON_VERSION = "2.9.7"
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/AbstractDaemonTest.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/AbstractDaemonTest.java
index 68b0699..362803f 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/AbstractDaemonTest.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/AbstractDaemonTest.java
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
 import com.google.common.primitives.Chars;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AcceptanceTestRequestScope.Context;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.account.TestSshKeys;
-import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.Nullable;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.AccessSection;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.GroupDescription;
@@ -295,7 +294,6 @@
   @Inject private AccountIndexer accountIndexer;
   @Inject private Groups groups;
   @Inject private GroupIndexer groupIndexer;
-  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   private ProjectResetter resetter;
   private List<Repository> toClose;
@@ -552,24 +550,7 @@
     return resourcePrefix + name;
   }
 
-  protected Project.NameKey createProject(String nameSuffix) throws RestApiException {
-    return createProject(nameSuffix, null);
-  }
-
-  protected Project.NameKey createProject(String nameSuffix, Project.NameKey parent)
-      throws RestApiException {
-    // Default for createEmptyCommit should match TestProjectConfig.
-    return createProject(nameSuffix, parent, true, null);
-  }
-
-  protected Project.NameKey createProject(
-      String nameSuffix, Project.NameKey parent, boolean createEmptyCommit)
-      throws RestApiException {
-    // Default for createEmptyCommit should match TestProjectConfig.
-    return createProject(nameSuffix, parent, createEmptyCommit, null);
-  }
-
-  protected Project.NameKey createProject(
+  protected Project.NameKey createProjectOverAPI(
       String nameSuffix, Project.NameKey parent, boolean createEmptyCommit, SubmitType submitType)
       throws RestApiException {
     ProjectInput in = new ProjectInput();
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/testsuite/project/ProjectOperationsImpl.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/testsuite/project/ProjectOperationsImpl.java
index 67d45b2..f296a69 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/testsuite/project/ProjectOperationsImpl.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/testsuite/project/ProjectOperationsImpl.java
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.TestProjectCreation.Builder;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.config.ProjectOwnerGroupsProvider;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.CreateProjectArgs;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectCreator;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
@@ -27,13 +26,10 @@
 
 public class ProjectOperationsImpl implements ProjectOperations {
   private final ProjectCreator projectCreator;
-  private final ProjectOwnerGroupsProvider.Factory projectOwnerGroups;
 
   @Inject
-  ProjectOperationsImpl(
-      ProjectOwnerGroupsProvider.Factory projectOwnerGroups, ProjectCreator projectCreator) {
+  ProjectOperationsImpl(ProjectCreator projectCreator) {
     this.projectCreator = projectCreator;
-    this.projectOwnerGroups = projectOwnerGroups;
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -49,7 +45,8 @@
     args.branch = Collections.singletonList(Constants.R_HEADS + Constants.MASTER);
     args.createEmptyCommit = projectCreation.createEmptyCommit().orElse(true);
     projectCreation.parent().ifPresent(p -> args.newParent = p);
-    args.ownerIds = new ArrayList<>(projectOwnerGroups.create(args.getProject()).get());
+    // ProjectCreator wants non-null owner IDs.
+    args.ownerIds = new ArrayList<>();
     projectCreation.submitType().ifPresent(st -> args.submitType = st);
     projectCreator.createProject(args);
     return new Project.NameKey(name);
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/testsuite/project/TestProjectCreation.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/testsuite/project/TestProjectCreation.java
index aef2625..a0b130e 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/testsuite/project/TestProjectCreation.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/testsuite/project/TestProjectCreation.java
@@ -48,13 +48,7 @@
 
     public abstract TestProjectCreation.Builder createEmptyCommit(boolean value);
 
-    /**
-     * Creates empty commit on creation. This is necessary for the project's branches to be born.
-     */
-    public TestProjectCreation.Builder withEmptyCommit() {
-      return createEmptyCommit(true);
-    }
-
+    /** Skips the empty commit on creation. This means that project's branches will not exist. */
     public TestProjectCreation.Builder noEmptyCommit() {
       return createEmptyCommit(false);
     }
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/httpd/restapi/LogRedactUtil.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/httpd/restapi/LogRedactUtil.java
index 5a2a033..5a37b7b 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/httpd/restapi/LogRedactUtil.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/httpd/restapi/LogRedactUtil.java
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-// WARNING: NoteDbUpdateManager cares about the package name RestApiServlet lives in.
-
 package com.google.gerrit.httpd.restapi;
 
 import static com.google.gerrit.httpd.restapi.RestApiServlet.XD_AUTHORIZATION;
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ReviewerJson.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ReviewerJson.java
index 6502569..ef2c926 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ReviewerJson.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/change/ReviewerJson.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.SubmitRecord;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ReviewerInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.AuthException;
+import com.google.gerrit.mail.Address;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Account;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.PatchSet;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.PatchSetApproval;
@@ -77,12 +78,15 @@
       if (cd == null || !cd.getId().equals(rsrc.getChangeId())) {
         cd = changeDataFactory.create(db.get(), rsrc.getChangeResource().getNotes());
       }
-      ReviewerInfo info =
-          format(
-              new ReviewerInfo(rsrc.getReviewerUser().getAccountId().get()),
-              rsrc.getReviewerUser().getAccountId(),
-              cd);
-      loader.put(info);
+      ReviewerInfo info;
+      if (rsrc.isByEmail()) {
+        Address address = rsrc.getReviewerByEmail();
+        info = ReviewerInfo.byEmail(address.getName(), address.getEmail());
+      } else {
+        Account.Id reviewerAccountId = rsrc.getReviewerUser().getAccountId();
+        info = format(new ReviewerInfo(reviewerAccountId.get()), reviewerAccountId, cd);
+        loader.put(info);
+      }
       infos.add(info);
     }
     loader.fill();
@@ -94,19 +98,21 @@
     return format(ImmutableList.<ReviewerResource>of(rsrc));
   }
 
-  public ReviewerInfo format(ReviewerInfo out, Account.Id reviewer, ChangeData cd)
+  public ReviewerInfo format(ReviewerInfo out, Account.Id reviewerAccountId, ChangeData cd)
       throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
     PatchSet.Id psId = cd.change().currentPatchSetId();
     return format(
         out,
-        reviewer,
+        reviewerAccountId,
         cd,
-        approvalsUtil.byPatchSetUser(
-            db.get(), cd.notes(), psId, new Account.Id(out._accountId), null, null));
+        approvalsUtil.byPatchSetUser(db.get(), cd.notes(), psId, reviewerAccountId, null, null));
   }
 
   public ReviewerInfo format(
-      ReviewerInfo out, Account.Id reviewer, ChangeData cd, Iterable<PatchSetApproval> approvals)
+      ReviewerInfo out,
+      Account.Id reviewerAccountId,
+      ChangeData cd,
+      Iterable<PatchSetApproval> approvals)
       throws OrmException, PermissionBackendException {
     LabelTypes labelTypes = cd.getLabelTypes();
 
@@ -123,7 +129,7 @@
     PatchSet ps = cd.currentPatchSet();
     if (ps != null) {
       PermissionBackend.ForChange perm =
-          permissionBackend.absentUser(reviewer).database(db).change(cd);
+          permissionBackend.absentUser(reviewerAccountId).database(db).change(cd);
 
       for (SubmitRecord rec : submitRuleEvaluator.evaluate(cd)) {
         if (rec.labels == null) {
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/config/DefaultUrlFormatter.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/config/DefaultUrlFormatter.java
index 70fb465..060ee3f 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/config/DefaultUrlFormatter.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/config/DefaultUrlFormatter.java
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 package com.google.gerrit.server.config;
 
+import com.google.gerrit.extensions.registration.DynamicItem;
 import com.google.inject.AbstractModule;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import com.google.inject.Provider;
@@ -27,7 +28,8 @@
   public static class Module extends AbstractModule {
     @Override
     protected void configure() {
-      bind(UrlFormatter.class).to(DefaultUrlFormatter.class);
+      DynamicItem.itemOf(binder(), UrlFormatter.class);
+      DynamicItem.bind(binder(), UrlFormatter.class).to(DefaultUrlFormatter.class);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/testing/FakeGroupAuditService.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/testing/FakeGroupAuditService.java
index 7c6674b..f2e85cd 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/testing/FakeGroupAuditService.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/testing/FakeGroupAuditService.java
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@
 @Singleton
 public class FakeGroupAuditService implements GroupAuditService {
 
-  private final PluginSetContext<GroupAuditListener> groupAuditListeners;
-  private final PluginSetContext<AuditListener> auditListeners;
+  protected final PluginSetContext<GroupAuditListener> groupAuditListeners;
+  protected final PluginSetContext<AuditListener> auditListeners;
 
   public static class Module extends AbstractModule {
     @Override
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/accounts/AccountIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/accounts/AccountIT.java
index 0f195b5..887035b 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/accounts/AccountIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/accounts/AccountIT.java
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.account.AccountOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.account.TestSshKeys;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.group.GroupOperations;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.Nullable;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.AccessSection;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.GlobalCapability;
@@ -195,35 +196,23 @@
   }
 
   @Inject private Provider<PublicKeyStore> publicKeyStoreProvider;
-
   @Inject private @ServerInitiated Provider<AccountsUpdate> accountsUpdateProvider;
-
   @Inject private ExternalIds externalIds;
-
   @Inject private DynamicSet<AccountIndexedListener> accountIndexedListeners;
-
   @Inject private DynamicSet<GitReferenceUpdatedListener> refUpdateListeners;
-
   @Inject private Sequences seq;
-
   @Inject private Provider<InternalAccountQuery> accountQueryProvider;
+  @Inject private StalenessChecker stalenessChecker;
+  @Inject private AccountIndexer accountIndexer;
+  @Inject private GitReferenceUpdated gitReferenceUpdated;
+  @Inject private RetryHelper.Metrics retryMetrics;
+  @Inject private Provider<MetaDataUpdate.InternalFactory> metaDataUpdateInternalFactory;
+  @Inject private ExternalIdNotes.Factory extIdNotesFactory;
+  @Inject private VersionedAuthorizedKeys.Accessor authorizedKeys;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Inject protected Emails emails;
 
-  @Inject private StalenessChecker stalenessChecker;
-
-  @Inject private AccountIndexer accountIndexer;
-
-  @Inject private GitReferenceUpdated gitReferenceUpdated;
-
-  @Inject private RetryHelper.Metrics retryMetrics;
-
-  @Inject private Provider<MetaDataUpdate.InternalFactory> metaDataUpdateInternalFactory;
-
-  @Inject private ExternalIdNotes.Factory extIdNotesFactory;
-
-  @Inject private VersionedAuthorizedKeys.Accessor authorizedKeys;
-
   @Inject
   @Named("accounts")
   private LoadingCache<Account.Id, Optional<AccountState>> accountsCache;
@@ -2602,7 +2591,7 @@
   public void deleteAllDraftComments() throws Exception {
     try {
       TestTimeUtil.resetWithClockStep(1, SECONDS);
-      Project.NameKey project2 = createProject("project2");
+      Project.NameKey project2 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
       PushOneCommit.Result r1 = createChange();
 
       TestRepository<?> tr2 = cloneProject(project2);
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/change/ChangeIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/change/ChangeIT.java
index 744d1e9..f2ee8e1 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/change/ChangeIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/change/ChangeIT.java
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestProjectInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.account.AccountOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.group.GroupOperations;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.FooterConstants;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelFunction;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelType;
@@ -196,6 +197,7 @@
   @Inject private IndexConfig indexConfig;
 
   @Inject protected GroupOperations groupOperations;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   private ChangeIndexedCounter changeIndexedCounter;
   private RegistrationHandle changeIndexedCounterHandle;
@@ -1539,7 +1541,7 @@
   @Test
   public void pushCommitOfOtherUserThatCannotSeeChange() throws Exception {
     // create hidden project that is only visible to administrators
-    Project.NameKey p = createProject("p");
+    Project.NameKey p = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     try (ProjectConfigUpdate u = updateProject(p)) {
       Util.allow(u.getConfig(), Permission.READ, adminGroupUuid(), "refs/*");
       Util.block(u.getConfig(), Permission.READ, REGISTERED_USERS, "refs/*");
@@ -1613,7 +1615,7 @@
   @Test
   public void pushCommitWithFooterOfOtherUserThatCannotSeeChange() throws Exception {
     // create hidden project that is only visible to administrators
-    Project.NameKey p = createProject("p");
+    Project.NameKey p = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     try (ProjectConfigUpdate u = updateProject(p)) {
       Util.allow(u.getConfig(), Permission.READ, adminGroupUuid(), "refs/*");
       Util.block(u.getConfig(), Permission.READ, REGISTERED_USERS, "refs/*");
@@ -1657,7 +1659,7 @@
   @Test
   public void addReviewerThatCannotSeeChange() throws Exception {
     // create hidden project that is only visible to administrators
-    Project.NameKey p = createProject("p");
+    Project.NameKey p = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     try (ProjectConfigUpdate u = updateProject(p)) {
       Util.allow(u.getConfig(), Permission.READ, adminGroupUuid(), "refs/*");
       Util.block(u.getConfig(), Permission.READ, REGISTERED_USERS, "refs/*");
@@ -2974,7 +2976,7 @@
   @Test
   public void createNewPatchSetWithoutPermission() throws Exception {
     // Create new project with clean permissions
-    Project.NameKey p = createProject("addPatchSet1");
+    Project.NameKey p = projectOperations.newProject().create();
 
     // Clone separate repositories of the same project as admin and as user
     TestRepository<InMemoryRepository> adminTestRepo = cloneProject(p, admin);
@@ -3020,7 +3022,7 @@
   @Test
   public void createNewPatchSetAsOwnerWithoutPermission() throws Exception {
     // Create new project with clean permissions
-    Project.NameKey p = createProject("addPatchSet2");
+    Project.NameKey p = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     // Clone separate repositories of the same project as admin and as user
     TestRepository<?> adminTestRepo = cloneProject(project, admin);
 
@@ -3658,7 +3660,7 @@
   @Test
   public void changeCommitMessageWithoutPermissionFails() throws Exception {
     // Create new project with clean permissions
-    Project.NameKey p = createProject("addPatchSetEdit");
+    Project.NameKey p = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     TestRepository<InMemoryRepository> userTestRepo = cloneProject(p, user);
     // Block default permission
     block(p, "refs/for/*", Permission.ADD_PATCH_SET, REGISTERED_USERS);
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/change/ChangeIdIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/change/ChangeIdIT.java
index fe7da66..7899ecd 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/change/ChangeIdIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/change/ChangeIdIT.java
@@ -19,18 +19,21 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GerritConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.NoHttpd;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ChangeApi;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.common.ChangeInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.common.ChangeInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.DeprecatedIdentifierException;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.ResourceNotFoundException;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 @NoHttpd
 public class ChangeIdIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
   private ChangeInfo changeInfo;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Before
   public void setup() throws Exception {
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void projectChangeNumberReturnsChangeWhenProjectContainsSlashes() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey p = createProject("foo/bar");
+    Project.NameKey p = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     ChangeInfo ci = gApi.changes().create(new ChangeInput(p.get(), "master", "msg")).get();
     ChangeApi cApi = gApi.changes().id(p.get(), ci._number);
     assertThat(cApi.get().changeId).isEqualTo(ci.changeId);
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/CheckAccessIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/CheckAccessIT.java
index e4194a3..f0296fc 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/CheckAccessIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/CheckAccessIT.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.RestResponse;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestAccount;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.group.GroupOperations;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.config.AccessCheckInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.config.AccessCheckInput;
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 public class CheckAccessIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
-
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
   @Inject private GroupOperations groupOperations;
 
   private Project.NameKey normalProject;
@@ -50,9 +51,9 @@
 
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
-    normalProject = createProject("normal");
-    secretProject = createProject("secret");
-    secretRefProject = createProject("secretRef");
+    normalProject = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    secretProject = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    secretRefProject = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     AccountGroup.UUID privilegedGroupUuid =
         groupOperations.newGroup().name(name("privilegedGroup")).create();
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIT.java
index 995f89b..aa1ad7b 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIT.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GitUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.NoHttpd;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.BranchInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.CommentLinkInfo;
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@
   private static final String JIRA_MATCH = "(jira\\\\s+#?)(\\\\d+)";
 
   @Inject private DynamicSet<ProjectIndexedListener> projectIndexedListeners;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Inject
   @IndexExecutor(BATCH)
@@ -429,7 +431,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void reindexProject() throws Exception {
-    createProject("child", project);
+    projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
     projectIndexedCounter.clear();
 
     gApi.projects().name(allProjects.get()).index(false);
@@ -438,8 +440,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void reindexProjectWithChildren() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey middle = createProject("middle", project);
-    Project.NameKey leave = createProject("leave", middle);
+    Project.NameKey middle = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
+    Project.NameKey leave = projectOperations.newProject().parent(middle).create();
     projectIndexedCounter.clear();
 
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).index(true);
@@ -473,7 +475,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.inheritProjectMaxObjectSizeLimit", value = "true")
   public void maxObjectSizeIsInheritedFromParentProject() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("100k");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("102400");
@@ -489,7 +491,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void maxObjectSizeIsNotInheritedFromParentProject() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("100k");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("102400");
@@ -504,7 +506,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void maxObjectSizeOverridesParentProjectWhenNotSetOnParent() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("0");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isNull();
@@ -519,7 +521,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void maxObjectSizeOverridesParentProjectWhenLower() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("200k");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("204800");
@@ -535,7 +537,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.inheritProjectMaxObjectSizeLimit", value = "true")
   public void maxObjectSizeDoesNotOverrideParentProjectWhenHigher() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("100k");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("102400");
@@ -552,7 +554,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.maxObjectSizeLimit", value = "200k")
   public void maxObjectSizeIsInheritedFromGlobalConfig() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = getConfig();
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("204800");
@@ -577,7 +579,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.maxObjectSizeLimit", value = "300k")
   public void inheritedMaxObjectSizeOverridesGlobalConfigWhenLower() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("200k");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("204800");
@@ -594,7 +596,7 @@
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.maxObjectSizeLimit", value = "200k")
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.inheritProjectMaxObjectSizeLimit", value = "true")
   public void maxObjectSizeDoesNotOverrideGlobalConfigWhenHigher() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject(name("child"), project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     ConfigInfo info = setMaxObjectSize("300k");
     assertThat(info.maxObjectSizeLimit.value).isEqualTo("204800");
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIndexerIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIndexerIT.java
index 6fde012..6b511f6 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIndexerIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/ProjectIndexerIT.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.index.IndexConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.index.QueryOptions;
 import com.google.gerrit.index.RefState;
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@
   @Inject private ProjectIndexCollection indexes;
   @Inject private IndexConfig indexConfig;
   @Inject private StalenessChecker stalenessChecker;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   private static final ImmutableSet<String> FIELDS =
       ImmutableSet.of(ProjectField.NAME.getName(), ProjectField.REF_STATE.getName());
@@ -96,8 +98,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void stalenessChecker_hierarchyChange_isStale() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey p1 = createProject("p1", allProjects);
-    Project.NameKey p2 = createProject("p2", allProjects);
+    Project.NameKey p1 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    Project.NameKey p2 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     try (ProjectConfigUpdate u = updateProject(project)) {
       u.getConfig().getProject().setParentName(p1);
       u.save();
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/SetParentIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/SetParentIT.java
index 3295f1a..c21798c 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/SetParentIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/project/SetParentIT.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GerritConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.NoHttpd;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.AuthException;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.BadRequestException;
@@ -27,14 +28,17 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllProjectsNameProvider;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.group.SystemGroupBackend;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 @NoHttpd
 public class SetParentIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
 
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
+
   @Test
   public void setParentNotAllowed() throws Exception {
-    String parent = createProject("parent", null, true).get();
+    String parent = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
     exception.expect(AuthException.class);
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(parent);
@@ -43,7 +47,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.allowProjectOwnersToChangeParent", value = "true")
   public void setParentNotAllowedForNonOwners() throws Exception {
-    String parent = createProject("parent", null, true).get();
+    String parent = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
     exception.expect(AuthException.class);
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(parent);
@@ -52,7 +56,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.allowProjectOwnersToChangeParent", value = "true")
   public void setParentAllowedByAdminWhenAllowProjectOwnersEnabled() throws Exception {
-    String parent = createProject("parent", null, true).get();
+    String parent = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
 
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(parent);
     assertThat(gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent()).isEqualTo(parent);
@@ -67,7 +71,7 @@
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "receive.allowProjectOwnersToChangeParent", value = "true")
   public void setParentAllowedForOwners() throws Exception {
-    String parent = createProject("parent", null, true).get();
+    String parent = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
     grant(project, "refs/*", Permission.OWNER, false, SystemGroupBackend.REGISTERED_USERS);
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(parent);
@@ -76,7 +80,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void setParent() throws Exception {
-    String parent = createProject("parent", null, true).get();
+    String parent = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
 
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(parent);
     assertThat(gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent()).isEqualTo(parent);
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void setParentToOwnChildNotAllowed() throws Exception {
-    String child = createProject("child", project, true).get();
+    String child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create().get();
     exception.expect(ResourceConflictException.class);
     exception.expectMessage("cycle exists between");
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(child);
@@ -112,8 +116,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void setParentToGrandchildNotAllowed() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject("child", project, true);
-    String grandchild = createProject("grandchild", child, true).get();
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
+    String grandchild = projectOperations.newProject().parent(child).create().get();
     exception.expect(ResourceConflictException.class);
     exception.expectMessage("cycle exists between");
     gApi.projects().name(project.get()).parent(grandchild);
@@ -137,7 +141,7 @@
   public void setParentForAllUsersMustBeAllProjects() throws Exception {
     gApi.projects().name(allUsers.get()).parent(allProjects.get());
 
-    String parent = createProject("parent", null, true).get();
+    String parent = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
 
     exception.expect(BadRequestException.class);
     exception.expectMessage("All-Users must inherit from All-Projects");
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/edit/ChangeEditIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/edit/ChangeEditIT.java
index 96566f6..37bfd42 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/edit/ChangeEditIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/edit/ChangeEditIT.java
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.RestResponse;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestProjectInput;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.RawInputUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.LabelType;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@
   private static final byte[] CONTENT_NEW2 = CONTENT_NEW2_STR.getBytes(UTF_8);
 
   @Inject private SchemaFactory<ReviewDb> reviewDbProvider;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   private String changeId;
   private String changeId2;
@@ -679,7 +681,7 @@
   @Test
   public void createEditWithoutPushPatchSetPermission() throws Exception {
     // Create new project with clean permissions
-    Project.NameKey p = createProject("addPatchSetEdit");
+    Project.NameKey p = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     // Clone repository as user
     TestRepository<InMemoryRepository> userTestRepo = cloneProject(p, user);
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/AbstractSubmoduleSubscription.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/AbstractSubmoduleSubscription.java
index 9e2efd8..58051bb 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/AbstractSubmoduleSubscription.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/AbstractSubmoduleSubscription.java
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
-import com.google.gerrit.common.Nullable;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.SubscribeSection;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.client.SubmitType;
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 import java.util.stream.StreamSupport;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCache;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheBuilder;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheEditor;
@@ -57,6 +58,12 @@
 
 public abstract class AbstractSubmoduleSubscription extends AbstractDaemonTest {
 
+  protected TestRepository<?> superRepo;
+  protected Project.NameKey superKey;
+  protected TestRepository<?> subRepo;
+  protected Project.NameKey subKey;
+  @Inject protected ProjectOperations projectOperations;
+
   protected SubmitType getSubmitType() {
     return cfg.getEnum("project", null, "submitType", SubmitType.MERGE_IF_NECESSARY);
   }
@@ -96,28 +103,23 @@
     return cfg;
   }
 
-  protected Project.NameKey createProjectForPush(
-      String name,
-      @Nullable Project.NameKey parent,
-      boolean createEmptyCommit,
-      SubmitType submitType)
-      throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey project = createProject(name, parent, createEmptyCommit, submitType);
+  protected void grantPush(Project.NameKey project) throws Exception {
     grant(project, "refs/heads/*", Permission.PUSH);
     grant(project, "refs/for/refs/heads/*", Permission.SUBMIT);
+  }
+
+  protected Project.NameKey createProjectForPush(SubmitType submitType) throws Exception {
+    Project.NameKey project = projectOperations.newProject().submitType(submitType).create();
+    grantPush(project);
     return project;
   }
 
   private static AtomicInteger contentCounter = new AtomicInteger(0);
-  protected TestRepository<?> superRepo;
-  protected Project.NameKey superKey;
-  protected TestRepository<?> subRepo;
-  protected Project.NameKey subKey;
 
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
-    superKey = createProjectForPush("super", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    subKey = createProjectForPush("sub", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    superKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    subKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     superRepo = cloneProject(superKey);
     subRepo = cloneProject(subKey);
   }
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsIT.java
index 94e3c0a..72ba420 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsIT.java
@@ -403,12 +403,15 @@
 
   @Test
   public void subscriptionInheritACL() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey configKey = createProjectForPush("config-repo", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey configKey = projectOperations.newProject().submitType(getSubmitType()).create();
+    grantPush(configKey);
     Project.NameKey config2Key =
-        createProjectForPush("config-repo2", configKey, true, getSubmitType());
+        projectOperations.newProject().parent(configKey).submitType(getSubmitType()).create();
+    grantPush(config2Key);
     cloneProject(config2Key);
 
-    subKey = createProjectForPush("subrepo", config2Key, true, getSubmitType());
+    subKey = projectOperations.newProject().parent(config2Key).submitType(getSubmitType()).create();
+    grantPush(subKey);
     subRepo = cloneProject(subKey);
 
     allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(configKey, "refs/heads/*", superKey, "refs/heads/*");
@@ -445,8 +448,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void subscriptionDeepRelative() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey nest =
-        createProjectForPush("nested/subscribed-to-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey nest = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> subRepo = cloneProject(nest);
     // master is allowed to be subscribed to any superprojects branch:
     allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(nest, "refs/heads/master", superKey, null);
@@ -468,9 +470,9 @@
 
   @Test
   @GerritConfig(name = "submodule.verboseSuperprojectUpdate", value = "SUBJECT_ONLY")
-  // The value 195 must tuned to the test environment, and is sensitive to the
+  // The value 110 must tuned to the test environment, and is sensitive to the
   // length of the uniquified repository name.
-  @GerritConfig(name = "submodule.maxCombinedCommitMessageSize", value = "200")
+  @GerritConfig(name = "submodule.maxCombinedCommitMessageSize", value = "110")
   public void submoduleSubjectCommitMessageSizeLimit() throws Exception {
     assume().that(isSubmitWholeTopicEnabled()).isFalse();
     testSubmoduleSubjectCommitMessageAndExpectTruncation();
@@ -481,7 +483,6 @@
     // Make sure that the commit is created at an earlier timestamp than the submit timestamp.
     TestTimeUtil.resetWithClockStep(1, SECONDS);
     try {
-
       allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(
           subKey, "refs/heads/master", superKey, "refs/heads/master");
       createSubmoduleSubscription(superRepo, "master", subKey, "master");
@@ -512,8 +513,7 @@
     TestTimeUtil.resetWithClockStep(1, SECONDS);
     try {
 
-      Project.NameKey proj2 =
-          createProjectForPush("subscribed-to-project-2", null, true, getSubmitType());
+      Project.NameKey proj2 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
 
       TestRepository<?> subRepo2 = cloneProject(proj2);
       allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(
@@ -560,8 +560,7 @@
     // is afterwards.
     TestTimeUtil.resetWithClockStep(1, SECONDS);
     try {
-      Project.NameKey proj2 =
-          createProjectForPush("subscribed-to-project-2", null, true, getSubmitType());
+      Project.NameKey proj2 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
       TestRepository<InMemoryRepository> repo2 = cloneProject(proj2, user);
 
       allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(
@@ -605,10 +604,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void updateOnlyRelevantSubmodules() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey subkey1 =
-        createProjectForPush("subscribed-to-project-1", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey subkey2 =
-        createProjectForPush("subscribed-to-project-2", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey subkey1 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey subkey2 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> subRepo1 = cloneProject(subkey1);
     TestRepository<?> subRepo2 = cloneProject(subkey2);
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsWholeTopicMergeIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsWholeTopicMergeIT.java
index d3d1ab3..82b9cd0 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsWholeTopicMergeIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/SubmoduleSubscriptionsWholeTopicMergeIT.java
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.NoHttpd;
-import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ReviewInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.client.ChangeStatus;
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project.NameKey;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.change.TestSubmitInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.testing.ConfigSuite;
-import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import java.util.ArrayDeque;
 import java.util.Map;
 import org.apache.commons.lang.RandomStringUtils;
@@ -71,8 +69,6 @@
     return submitByRebaseIfNecessaryConfig();
   }
 
-  @Inject ProjectOperations projectOperations;
-
   @Test
   public void subscriptionUpdateOfManyChanges() throws Exception {
     allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(subKey, "refs/heads/master", superKey, "refs/heads/master");
@@ -277,15 +273,15 @@
 
   @Test
   public void updateManySubmodules() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey subKey[] = new NameKey[3];
-    TestRepository<?> sub[] = new TestRepository[3];
+    final int NUM = 3;
+    Project.NameKey subKey[] = new NameKey[NUM];
+    TestRepository<?> sub[] = new TestRepository[NUM];
     String prefix = RandomStringUtils.randomAlphabetic(8);
     for (int i = 0; i < subKey.length; i++) {
       subKey[i] =
           projectOperations
               .newProject()
               .name(prefix + "sub" + i)
-              .withEmptyCommit()
               .submitType(getSubmitType())
               .create();
       grant(subKey[i], "refs/heads/*", Permission.PUSH);
@@ -306,7 +302,7 @@
 
     ObjectId superPreviousId = pushChangeTo(superRepo, "master");
 
-    ObjectId subId[] = new ObjectId[3];
+    ObjectId subId[] = new ObjectId[NUM];
 
     for (int i = 0; i < sub.length; i++) {
       subId[i] = pushChangeTo(sub[i], "refs/for/master", "some message", "same-topic");
@@ -319,7 +315,7 @@
       expectToHaveSubmoduleState(superRepo, "master", subKey[i], sub[i], "master");
     }
 
-    String heads[] = new String[3];
+    String heads[] = new String[NUM];
     for (int i = 0; i < heads.length; i++) {
       heads[i] =
           sub[i]
@@ -367,8 +363,20 @@
   @Test
   public void doNotUseFastForward() throws Exception {
     // like setup, but without empty commit
-    superKey = createProjectForPush("super-nc", null, false, getSubmitType());
-    subKey = createProjectForPush("sub-nc", null, false, getSubmitType());
+    superKey =
+        projectOperations
+            .newProject()
+            .submitType(getSubmitType())
+            .createEmptyCommit(false)
+            .create();
+    grantPush(superKey);
+    subKey =
+        projectOperations
+            .newProject()
+            .submitType(getSubmitType())
+            .createEmptyCommit(false)
+            .create();
+    grantPush(subKey);
     superRepo = cloneProject(superKey);
     subRepo = cloneProject(subKey);
 
@@ -395,8 +403,20 @@
   @Test
   public void useFastForwardWhenNoSubmodule() throws Exception {
     // like setup, but without empty commit
-    superKey = createProjectForPush("super-nc", null, false, getSubmitType());
-    subKey = createProjectForPush("sub-nc", null, false, getSubmitType());
+    superKey =
+        projectOperations
+            .newProject()
+            .submitType(getSubmitType())
+            .createEmptyCommit(false)
+            .create();
+    grantPush(superKey);
+    subKey =
+        projectOperations
+            .newProject()
+            .submitType(getSubmitType())
+            .createEmptyCommit(false)
+            .create();
+    grantPush(subKey);
     superRepo = cloneProject(superKey);
     subRepo = cloneProject(subKey);
 
@@ -493,7 +513,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void nonSubmoduleInSameTopic() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey standaloneKey = createProjectForPush("standalone", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey standaloneKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> standAlone = cloneProject(standaloneKey);
 
     allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(subKey, "refs/heads/master", superKey, "refs/heads/master");
@@ -533,9 +553,9 @@
 
   @Test
   public void recursiveSubmodules() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey topKey = createProjectForPush("top-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey midKey = createProjectForPush("mid-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey botKey = createProjectForPush("bottom-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey topKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey midKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey botKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> topRepo = cloneProject(topKey);
     TestRepository<?> midRepo = cloneProject(midKey);
     TestRepository<?> bottomRepo = cloneProject(botKey);
@@ -563,9 +583,9 @@
 
   @Test
   public void triangleSubmodules() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey topKey = createProjectForPush("top-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey midKey = createProjectForPush("mid-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey botKey = createProjectForPush("bottom-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey topKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey midKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey botKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> topRepo = cloneProject(topKey);
     TestRepository<?> midRepo = cloneProject(midKey);
     TestRepository<?> bottomRepo = cloneProject(botKey);
@@ -597,9 +617,9 @@
   }
 
   private String prepareBranchCircularSubscription() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey topKey = createProjectForPush("top-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey midKey = createProjectForPush("mid-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey botKey = createProjectForPush("bottom-project", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey topKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey midKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey botKey = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> topRepo = cloneProject(topKey);
     TestRepository<?> midRepo = cloneProject(midKey);
     TestRepository<?> bottomRepo = cloneProject(botKey);
@@ -662,8 +682,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void projectNoSubscriptionWholeTopic() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush("project-a", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush("project-b", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
 
     TestRepository<?> repoA = cloneProject(keyA);
     TestRepository<?> repoB = cloneProject(keyB);
@@ -733,8 +753,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void twoProjectsMultipleBranchesWholeTopic() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush("project-a", null, true, getSubmitType());
-    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush("project-b", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> repoA = cloneProject(keyA);
     TestRepository<?> repoB = cloneProject(keyB);
     // bootstrap the dev branch
@@ -782,9 +802,9 @@
   public void retrySubmitAfterTornTopicOnLockFailure() throws Exception {
     assume().that(notesMigration.disableChangeReviewDb()).isTrue();
 
-    Project.NameKey subKey1 = createProjectForPush("sub1", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey subKey1 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> sub1 = cloneProject(subKey1);
-    Project.NameKey subKey2 = createProjectForPush("sub2", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey subKey2 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> sub2 = cloneProject(subKey2);
 
     allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(subKey1, "refs/heads/master", superKey, "refs/heads/master");
@@ -844,9 +864,9 @@
 
   @Test
   public void skipUpdatingBrokenGitlinkPointer() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey subKey1 = createProjectForPush("sub1", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey subKey1 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> sub1 = cloneProject(subKey1);
-    Project.NameKey subKey2 = createProjectForPush("sub2", null, true, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey subKey2 = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
     TestRepository<?> sub2 = cloneProject(subKey2);
 
     allowMatchingSubmoduleSubscription(subKey1, "refs/heads/master", superKey, "refs/heads/master");
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/account/WatchedProjectsIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/account/WatchedProjectsIT.java
index bc84593..f9bc539 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/account/WatchedProjectsIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/account/WatchedProjectsIT.java
@@ -18,21 +18,25 @@
 
 import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.client.ProjectWatchInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.BadRequestException;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.UnprocessableEntityException;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 public class WatchedProjectsIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   private static final String NEW_PROJECT_NAME = "newProjectAccess";
 
   @Test
   public void setAndGetWatchedProjects() throws Exception {
-    String projectName1 = createProject(NEW_PROJECT_NAME).get();
-    String projectName2 = createProject(NEW_PROJECT_NAME + "2").get();
+    String projectName1 = projectOperations.newProject().name(NEW_PROJECT_NAME).create().get();
+    String projectName2 =
+        projectOperations.newProject().name(NEW_PROJECT_NAME + "2").create().get();
 
     List<ProjectWatchInfo> projectsToWatch = new ArrayList<>(2);
 
@@ -57,8 +61,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void setAndDeleteWatchedProjects() throws Exception {
-    String projectName1 = createProject(NEW_PROJECT_NAME).get();
-    String projectName2 = createProject(NEW_PROJECT_NAME + "2").get();
+    String projectName1 = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
+    String projectName2 = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
 
     List<ProjectWatchInfo> projectsToWatch = new ArrayList<>();
 
@@ -91,7 +95,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void setConflictingWatches() throws Exception {
-    String projectName = createProject(NEW_PROJECT_NAME).get();
+    String projectName = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
 
     List<ProjectWatchInfo> projectsToWatch = new ArrayList<>();
 
@@ -115,7 +119,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void setAndGetEmptyWatch() throws Exception {
-    String projectName = createProject(NEW_PROJECT_NAME).get();
+    String projectName = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
 
     List<ProjectWatchInfo> projectsToWatch = new ArrayList<>();
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/binding/ProjectsRestApiBindingsIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/binding/ProjectsRestApiBindingsIT.java
index 0c18dbb..c838cf9 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/binding/ProjectsRestApiBindingsIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/binding/ProjectsRestApiBindingsIT.java
@@ -27,11 +27,13 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GitUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.rest.util.RestApiCallHelper;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.rest.util.RestCall;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ReviewInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.BranchInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.TagInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.junit.TestRepository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevCommit;
@@ -156,6 +158,7 @@
       ImmutableList.of(RestCall.get("/projects/%s/commits/%s/files/%s/content"));
 
   private static final String FILENAME = "test.txt";
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Test
   public void projectEndpoints() throws Exception {
@@ -164,7 +167,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void childProjectEndpoints() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey childProject = createProject("test-child-repo", project);
+    Project.NameKey childProject = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
     RestApiCallHelper.execute(
         adminRestSession, CHILD_PROJECT_ENDPOINTS, project.get(), childProject.get());
   }
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/AbstractSubmit.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/AbstractSubmit.java
index 08a76e4..bab4c1d 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/AbstractSubmit.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/AbstractSubmit.java
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestAccount;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestProjectInput;
-import com.google.gerrit.common.Nullable;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ChangeApi;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.SubmitInput;
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@
   @Inject private Submit submitHandler;
 
   @Inject private IdentifiedUser.GenericFactory userFactory;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Inject private DynamicSet<OnSubmitValidationListener> onSubmitValidationListeners;
   private RegistrationHandle onSubmitValidatorHandle;
@@ -315,7 +316,7 @@
   @Test
   public void submitNoPermission() throws Exception {
     // create project where submit is blocked
-    Project.NameKey p = createProject("p");
+    Project.NameKey p = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     block(p, "refs/*", Permission.SUBMIT, REGISTERED_USERS);
 
     TestRepository<InMemoryRepository> repo = cloneProject(p, admin);
@@ -329,7 +330,7 @@
   @Test
   public void noSelfSubmit() throws Exception {
     // create project where submit is blocked for the change owner
-    Project.NameKey p = createProject("p");
+    Project.NameKey p = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     try (ProjectConfigUpdate u = updateProject(p)) {
       Util.block(u.getConfig(), Permission.SUBMIT, CHANGE_OWNER, "refs/*");
       Util.allow(u.getConfig(), Permission.SUBMIT, REGISTERED_USERS, "refs/heads/*");
@@ -355,7 +356,7 @@
   @Test
   public void onlySelfSubmit() throws Exception {
     // create project where only the change owner can submit
-    Project.NameKey p = createProject("p");
+    Project.NameKey p = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     try (ProjectConfigUpdate u = updateProject(p)) {
       Util.block(u.getConfig(), Permission.SUBMIT, REGISTERED_USERS, "refs/*");
       Util.allow(u.getConfig(), Permission.SUBMIT, CHANGE_OWNER, "refs/*");
@@ -385,8 +386,10 @@
     String topic = "test-topic";
 
     // Create test projects
-    TestRepository<?> repoA = createProjectWithPush("project-a", null, getSubmitType());
-    TestRepository<?> repoB = createProjectWithPush("project-b", null, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    TestRepository<?> repoA = cloneProject(keyA);
+    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    TestRepository<?> repoB = cloneProject(keyB);
 
     // Create changes on project-a
     PushOneCommit.Result change1 =
@@ -419,15 +422,15 @@
     String topic = "test-topic";
 
     // Create test project
-    String projectName = "project-a";
-    TestRepository<?> repoA = createProjectWithPush(projectName, null, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    TestRepository<?> repoA = cloneProject(keyA);
 
-    RevCommit initialHead = getRemoteHead(new Project.NameKey(name(projectName)), "master");
+    RevCommit initialHead = getRemoteHead(keyA, "master");
 
     // Create the dev branch on the test project
     BranchInput in = new BranchInput();
     in.revision = initialHead.name();
-    gApi.projects().name(name(projectName)).branch("dev").create(in);
+    gApi.projects().name(keyA.get()).branch("dev").create(in);
 
     // Create changes on master
     PushOneCommit.Result change1 =
@@ -769,8 +772,10 @@
     String topic = "test-topic";
 
     // Create test projects
-    TestRepository<?> repoA = createProjectWithPush("project-a", null, getSubmitType());
-    TestRepository<?> repoB = createProjectWithPush("project-b", null, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    TestRepository<?> repoA = cloneProject(keyA);
+    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    TestRepository<?> repoB = cloneProject(keyB);
 
     // Create changes on project-a
     PushOneCommit.Result change1 =
@@ -815,15 +820,13 @@
           }
         });
     submitWithConflict(change4.getChangeId(), "time to fail");
-    assertThat(projectsCalled).containsExactly(name("project-a"), name("project-b"));
+    assertThat(projectsCalled).containsExactly(keyA.get(), keyB.get());
     for (PushOneCommit.Result change : changes) {
       change.assertChange(Change.Status.NEW, name(topic), admin);
     }
 
     submit(change4.getChangeId());
-    assertThat(projectsCalled)
-        .containsExactly(
-            name("project-a"), name("project-b"), name("project-a"), name("project-b"));
+    assertThat(projectsCalled).containsExactly(keyA.get(), keyB.get(), keyA.get(), keyB.get());
     for (PushOneCommit.Result change : changes) {
       change.assertChange(Change.Status.MERGED, name(topic), admin);
     }
@@ -934,8 +937,10 @@
 
     String topic = "test-topic";
 
-    TestRepository<?> repoA = createProjectWithPush("project-a", null, getSubmitType());
-    TestRepository<?> repoB = createProjectWithPush("project-b", null, getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyA = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    Project.NameKey keyB = createProjectForPush(getSubmitType());
+    TestRepository<?> repoA = cloneProject(keyA);
+    TestRepository<?> repoB = cloneProject(keyB);
 
     PushOneCommit.Result change1 =
         createChange(repoA, "master", "Change 1", "a.txt", "content", topic);
@@ -962,13 +967,13 @@
 
     repoA.git().fetch().call();
     RevWalk rwA = repoA.getRevWalk();
-    RevCommit masterA = rwA.parseCommit(getRemoteHead(name("project-a"), "master"));
+    RevCommit masterA = rwA.parseCommit(getRemoteHead(keyA, "master"));
     RevCommit change1Ps = parseCurrentRevision(rwA, change1.getChangeId());
     assertThat(rwA.isMergedInto(change1Ps, masterA)).isTrue();
 
     repoB.git().fetch().call();
     RevWalk rwB = repoB.getRevWalk();
-    RevCommit masterB = rwB.parseCommit(getRemoteHead(name("project-b"), "master"));
+    RevCommit masterB = rwB.parseCommit(getRemoteHead(keyB, "master"));
     RevCommit change2Ps = parseCurrentRevision(rwB, change2.getChangeId());
     assertThat(rwB.isMergedInto(change2Ps, masterB)).isTrue();
 
@@ -1353,12 +1358,12 @@
     }
   }
 
-  private TestRepository<?> createProjectWithPush(
-      String name, @Nullable Project.NameKey parent, SubmitType submitType) throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey project = createProject(name, parent, true, submitType);
+  // TODO(hanwen): the submodule tests have a similar method; maybe we could share code?
+  protected Project.NameKey createProjectForPush(SubmitType submitType) throws Exception {
+    Project.NameKey project = projectOperations.newProject().submitType(submitType).create();
     grant(project, "refs/heads/*", Permission.PUSH);
     grant(project, "refs/for/refs/heads/*", Permission.SUBMIT);
-    return cloneProject(project);
+    return project;
   }
 
   protected PushOneCommit.Result createChange(
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ChangeOwnerIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ChangeOwnerIT.java
index ac0d0aa..164fe60 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ChangeOwnerIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ChangeOwnerIT.java
@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestAccount;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestProjectInput;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ReviewInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.AuthException;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.AccountGroup;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.group.SystemGroupBackend;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.dfs.InMemoryRepository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.junit.TestRepository;
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -32,6 +34,7 @@
 public class ChangeOwnerIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
 
   private TestAccount user2;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@
   public void testChangeOwner_OwnerACLGrantedOnParentProject() throws Exception {
     setApiUser(admin);
     grantApproveToChangeOwner(project);
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject("child", project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     setApiUser(user);
     TestRepository<InMemoryRepository> childRepo = cloneProject(child, user);
@@ -74,7 +77,7 @@
   public void testChangeOwner_BlockedOnParentProject() throws Exception {
     setApiUser(admin);
     blockApproveForChangeOwner(project);
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject("child", project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     setApiUser(user);
     grantApproveToAll(child);
@@ -92,7 +95,7 @@
   public void testChangeOwner_BlockedOnParentProjectAndExclusiveAllowOnChild() throws Exception {
     setApiUser(admin);
     blockApproveForChangeOwner(project);
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject("child", project);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
 
     setApiUser(user);
     grantExclusiveApproveToAll(child);
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ChangeReviewersByEmailIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ChangeReviewersByEmailIT.java
index 257c88b..dc71c1f 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ChangeReviewersByEmailIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ChangeReviewersByEmailIT.java
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
-import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.NoHttpd;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.RestResponse;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.AddReviewerInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.AddReviewerResult;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ReviewInput;
@@ -35,11 +35,12 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.common.ChangeInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.mail.Address;
 import com.google.gerrit.testing.FakeEmailSender.Message;
+import com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
 import java.util.List;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
-@NoHttpd
 public class ChangeReviewersByEmailIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
 
   @Before
@@ -96,6 +97,34 @@
   }
 
   @Test
+  public void listReviewersByEmail() throws Exception {
+    assume().that(notesMigration.readChanges()).isTrue();
+    AccountInfo acc = new AccountInfo("Foo Bar", "foo.bar@gerritcodereview.com");
+
+    for (ReviewerState state : ImmutableList.of(ReviewerState.CC, ReviewerState.REVIEWER)) {
+      PushOneCommit.Result r = createChange();
+
+      AddReviewerInput input = new AddReviewerInput();
+      input.reviewer = toRfcAddressString(acc);
+      input.state = state;
+      gApi.changes().id(r.getChangeId()).addReviewer(input);
+
+      RestResponse restResponse =
+          adminRestSession.get("/changes/" + r.getChangeId() + "/reviewers/");
+      restResponse.assertOK();
+      Type type = new TypeToken<List<ReviewerInfo>>() {}.getType();
+      List<ReviewerInfo> reviewers = newGson().fromJson(restResponse.getReader(), type);
+      restResponse.consume();
+
+      assertThat(reviewers).hasSize(1);
+      ReviewerInfo reviewerInfo = Iterables.getOnlyElement(reviewers);
+      assertThat(reviewerInfo._accountId).isNull();
+      assertThat(reviewerInfo.name).isEqualTo(acc.name);
+      assertThat(reviewerInfo.email).isEqualTo(acc.email);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
   public void removeByEmail() throws Exception {
     assume().that(notesMigration.readChanges()).isTrue();
     AccountInfo acc = new AccountInfo("Foo Bar", "foo.bar@gerritcodereview.com");
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ConfigChangeIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ConfigChangeIT.java
index baf56de..c5ba5e4 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ConfigChangeIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/ConfigChangeIT.java
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@
   public void rejectDoubleInheritance() throws Exception {
     setApiUser(admin);
     // Create separate projects to test the config
-    Project.NameKey parent = createProject("projectToInheritFrom");
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject("projectWithMalformedConfig");
+    Project.NameKey parent = createProjectOverAPI("projectToInheritFrom", null, true, null);
+    Project.NameKey child = createProjectOverAPI("projectWithMalformedConfig", null, true, null);
 
     String config =
         gApi.projects()
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/IndexChangeIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/IndexChangeIT.java
index bb114e7..7cdd266 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/IndexChangeIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/IndexChangeIT.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestAccount;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.group.GroupOperations;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.common.ChangeInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.AccountGroup;
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@
 public class IndexChangeIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
 
   @Inject protected GroupOperations groupOperations;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Test
   public void indexChange() throws Exception {
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@
     gApi.groups().id(group).addMembers("admin", "user", user2.username);
 
     // Create a project and restrict its visibility to the group
-    Project.NameKey p = createProject("p");
+    Project.NameKey p = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     try (ProjectConfigUpdate u = updateProject(p)) {
       Util.allow(
           u.getConfig(),
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/PrivateByDefaultIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/PrivateByDefaultIT.java
index 0ece00a..936feed 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/PrivateByDefaultIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/PrivateByDefaultIT.java
@@ -19,12 +19,14 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GerritConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.ConfigInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.client.InheritableBoolean;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.common.ChangeInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.common.ChangeInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.MethodNotAllowedException;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.dfs.InMemoryRepository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.junit.TestRepository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevCommit;
@@ -34,11 +36,12 @@
 public class PrivateByDefaultIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
   private Project.NameKey project1;
   private Project.NameKey project2;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
-    project1 = createProject("project-1");
-    project2 = createProject("project-2", project1);
+    project1 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    project2 = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project1).create();
     setPrivateByDefault(project1, InheritableBoolean.FALSE);
   }
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/SubmitByMergeIfNecessaryIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/SubmitByMergeIfNecessaryIT.java
index 229122b..d92cf30 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/SubmitByMergeIfNecessaryIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/SubmitByMergeIfNecessaryIT.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GitUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ChangeApi;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.CherryPickInput;
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Branch;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.PatchSet;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 public class SubmitByMergeIfNecessaryIT extends AbstractSubmitByMerge {
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Override
   protected SubmitType getSubmitType() {
@@ -132,9 +135,9 @@
 
   @Test
   public void submitChangesAcrossRepos() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey p1 = createProject("project-where-we-submit");
-    Project.NameKey p2 = createProject("project-impacted-via-topic");
-    Project.NameKey p3 = createProject("project-impacted-indirectly-via-topic");
+    Project.NameKey p1 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    Project.NameKey p2 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    Project.NameKey p3 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
 
     RevCommit initialHead2 = getRemoteHead(p2, "master");
     RevCommit initialHead3 = getRemoteHead(p3, "master");
@@ -209,9 +212,9 @@
 
   @Test
   public void submitChangesAcrossReposBlocked() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey p1 = createProject("project-where-we-submit");
-    Project.NameKey p2 = createProject("project-impacted-via-topic");
-    Project.NameKey p3 = createProject("project-impacted-indirectly-via-topic");
+    Project.NameKey p1 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    Project.NameKey p2 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    Project.NameKey p3 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
 
     TestRepository<?> repo1 = cloneProject(p1);
     TestRepository<?> repo2 = cloneProject(p2);
@@ -388,7 +391,7 @@
             "3",
             "a-topic-here");
 
-    Project.NameKey p3 = createProject("project-related-to-change3");
+    Project.NameKey p3 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     TestRepository<?> repo3 = cloneProject(p3);
     RevCommit repo3Head = getRemoteHead(p3, "master");
     PushOneCommit.Result change3b =
@@ -710,8 +713,8 @@
     //                    (c2a) <= private
     assume().that(isSubmitWholeTopicEnabled()).isTrue();
 
-    Project.NameKey p1 = createProject("project-where-we-submit");
-    Project.NameKey p2 = createProject("project-impacted-via-topic");
+    Project.NameKey p1 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    Project.NameKey p2 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
 
     grantLabel("Code-Review", -2, 2, p1, "refs/heads/*", false, REGISTERED_USERS, false);
     grant(p1, "refs/*", Permission.SUBMIT, false, REGISTERED_USERS);
@@ -764,7 +767,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void testPreviewSubmitTgz() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey p1 = createProject("project-name");
+    Project.NameKey p1 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
 
     TestRepository<?> repo1 = cloneProject(p1);
     PushOneCommit.Result change1 = createChange(repo1, "master", "test", "a.txt", "1", "topic");
@@ -789,6 +792,6 @@
         untarredFiles.add(entry.getName());
       }
     }
-    assertThat(untarredFiles).containsExactly(name("project-name") + ".git");
+    assertThat(untarredFiles).containsExactly(p1.get() + ".git");
   }
 }
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/SuggestReviewersIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/SuggestReviewersIT.java
index 4d499f0..af3cf24 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/SuggestReviewersIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/SuggestReviewersIT.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GerritConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestAccount;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.GlobalCapability;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.accounts.EmailInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ReviewInput;
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@
 
 public class SuggestReviewersIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
   @Inject private CreateGroup createGroup;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   private InternalGroup group1;
   private InternalGroup group2;
@@ -372,7 +374,7 @@
   @Test
   public void reviewerRankingProjectIsolation() throws Exception {
     // Create new project
-    Project.NameKey newProject = createProject("test");
+    Project.NameKey newProject = projectOperations.newProject().create();
 
     // Create users who review changes in both the default and the new project
     String fullName = "Primum Finalis";
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/WorkInProgressByDefaultIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/WorkInProgressByDefaultIT.java
index 34d87d0..e2fc14f 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/WorkInProgressByDefaultIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/change/WorkInProgressByDefaultIT.java
@@ -18,12 +18,14 @@
 
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.ConfigInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.client.GeneralPreferencesInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.client.InheritableBoolean;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.common.ChangeInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.common.ChangeInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.dfs.InMemoryRepository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.junit.TestRepository;
 import org.junit.After;
@@ -33,11 +35,12 @@
 public class WorkInProgressByDefaultIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
   private Project.NameKey project1;
   private Project.NameKey project2;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
-    project1 = createProject("project-1");
-    project2 = createProject("project-2", project1);
+    project1 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    project2 = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project1).create();
   }
 
   @After
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/AccessIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/AccessIT.java
index 54195d1..e688216 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/AccessIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/AccessIT.java
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
 
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
-    newProjectName = projectOperations.newProject().withEmptyCommit().create();
+    newProjectName = projectOperations.newProject().create();
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/BUILD b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/BUILD
index dad3ca9..9a40346 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/BUILD
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/BUILD
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
         ":project",
         ":push_tag_util",
         ":refassert",
+        "//lib/commons:lang",
     ],
 )
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/DeleteBranchIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/DeleteBranchIT.java
index b426a37..d673f83 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/DeleteBranchIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/DeleteBranchIT.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GerritConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.RestResponse;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.BranchApi;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.BranchInput;
@@ -31,16 +32,18 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.ResourceNotFoundException;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Branch;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.RefNames;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 public class DeleteBranchIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   private Branch.NameKey testBranch;
 
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
-    project = createProject(name("p"));
+    project = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     testBranch = new Branch.NameKey(project, "test");
     branch(testBranch).create(new BranchInput());
   }
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GarbageCollectionIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GarbageCollectionIT.java
index 78d0270..48527af 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GarbageCollectionIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GarbageCollectionIT.java
@@ -18,12 +18,14 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GcAssert;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.RestResponse;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.UseLocalDisk;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 public class GarbageCollectionIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Inject private GcAssert gcAssert;
 
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@
 
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
-    project2 = createProject("p2");
+    project2 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GetChildProjectIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GetChildProjectIT.java
index d5e811d..d736578 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GetChildProjectIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GetChildProjectIT.java
@@ -18,13 +18,16 @@
 
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.NoHttpd;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.common.ProjectInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.ResourceNotFoundException;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 @NoHttpd
 public class GetChildProjectIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Test
   public void getNonExistingChildProject_NotFound() throws Exception {
@@ -33,15 +36,15 @@
 
   @Test
   public void getNonChildProject_NotFound() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey p1 = createProject("p1");
-    Project.NameKey p2 = createProject("p2");
+    Project.NameKey p1 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    Project.NameKey p2 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
 
     assertChildNotFound(p1, p2.get());
   }
 
   @Test
   public void getChildProject() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject("p1");
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     ProjectInfo childInfo = gApi.projects().name(allProjects.get()).child(child.get()).get();
 
     assertProjectInfo(projectCache.get(child).getProject(), childInfo);
@@ -49,16 +52,16 @@
 
   @Test
   public void getGrandChildProject_NotFound() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject("p1");
-    Project.NameKey grandChild = createProject("p1.1", child);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    Project.NameKey grandChild = projectOperations.newProject().parent(child).create();
 
     assertChildNotFound(allProjects, grandChild.get());
   }
 
   @Test
   public void getGrandChildProjectWithRecursiveFlag() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child = createProject("p1");
-    Project.NameKey grandChild = createProject("p1.1", child);
+    Project.NameKey child = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    Project.NameKey grandChild = projectOperations.newProject().parent(child).create();
 
     ProjectInfo grandChildInfo =
         gApi.projects().name(allProjects.get()).child(grandChild.get()).get(true);
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListChildProjectsIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListChildProjectsIT.java
index dd92a7a..a0bc450 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListChildProjectsIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListChildProjectsIT.java
@@ -18,12 +18,16 @@
 
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.NoHttpd;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.ResourceNotFoundException;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
+import org.apache.commons.lang.RandomStringUtils;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 @NoHttpd
 public class ListChildProjectsIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Test
   public void listChildrenOfNonExistingProject_NotFound() throws Exception {
@@ -39,23 +43,27 @@
 
   @Test
   public void listChildren() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child1 = createProject("p1");
-    Project.NameKey child1_1 = createProject("p1.1", child1);
-    Project.NameKey child1_2 = createProject("p1.2", child1);
+    Project.NameKey child1 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    Project.NameKey child1_1 = projectOperations.newProject().parent(child1).create();
+    Project.NameKey child1_2 = projectOperations.newProject().parent(child1).create();
 
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().name(child1.get()).children()).isOrdered();
     assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().name(child1.get()).children())
-        .containsExactly(child1_1, child1_2)
-        .inOrder();
+        .containsExactly(child1_1, child1_2);
   }
 
   @Test
   public void listChildrenRecursively() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey child1 = createProject("p1");
-    createProject("p2");
-    Project.NameKey child1_1 = createProject("p1.1", child1);
-    Project.NameKey child1_2 = createProject("p1.2", child1);
-    Project.NameKey child1_1_1 = createProject("p1.1.1", child1_1);
-    Project.NameKey child1_1_1_1 = createProject("p1.1.1.1", child1_1_1);
+    String prefix = RandomStringUtils.randomAlphabetic(8);
+    Project.NameKey child1 = projectOperations.newProject().name(prefix + "p1").create();
+    Project.NameKey child1_1 =
+        projectOperations.newProject().parent(child1).name(prefix + "p1.1").create();
+    Project.NameKey child1_2 =
+        projectOperations.newProject().parent(child1).name(prefix + "p1.2").create();
+    Project.NameKey child1_1_1 =
+        projectOperations.newProject().parent(child1_1).name(prefix + "p1.1.1").create();
+    Project.NameKey child1_1_1_1 =
+        projectOperations.newProject().parent(child1_1_1).name(prefix + "p1.1.1.1").create();
 
     assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().name(child1.get()).children(true))
         .containsExactly(child1_1, child1_1_1, child1_1_1_1, child1_2)
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListProjectsIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListProjectsIT.java
index cd88a56..7009e76 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListProjectsIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ListProjectsIT.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.NoHttpd;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.Sandboxed;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestProjectInput;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.ConfigInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.ConfigInput;
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.BadRequestException;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.testing.Util;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -40,13 +42,14 @@
 @NoHttpd
 @Sandboxed
 public class ListProjectsIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Test
   public void listProjects() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey someProject = createProject("some-project");
-    assertThatNameList(filter(gApi.projects().list().get()))
-        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project, someProject)
-        .inOrder();
+    Project.NameKey someProject = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().get())
+        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project, someProject);
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().get()).isOrdered();
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@
       u.save();
     }
 
-    assertThatNameList(filter(gApi.projects().list().get())).doesNotContain(project);
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().get()).doesNotContain(project);
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -87,91 +90,94 @@
 
   @Test
   public void listProjectsWithLimit() throws Exception {
-    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
-      createProject("someProject" + i);
+    String pre = "lpwl-someProject";
+    int n = 6;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      projectOperations.newProject().name(pre + i).create();
     }
 
-    String p = name("");
-    // 5, plus p which was automatically created.
-    int n = 6;
     for (int i = 1; i <= n + 2; i++) {
-      assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withPrefix(p).withLimit(i).get())
+      assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withPrefix(pre).withLimit(i).get())
           .hasSize(Math.min(i, n));
     }
   }
 
   @Test
   public void listProjectsWithPrefix() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey someProject = createProject("some-project");
-    Project.NameKey someOtherProject = createProject("some-other-project");
-    createProject("project-awesome");
+    Project.NameKey someProject = projectOperations.newProject().name("listtest-p1").create();
+    Project.NameKey someOtherProject = projectOperations.newProject().name("listtest-p2").create();
+    projectOperations.newProject().name("other-prefix-project").create();
 
-    String p = name("some");
+    String p = "listtest";
     assertBadRequest(gApi.projects().list().withPrefix(p).withRegex(".*"));
     assertBadRequest(gApi.projects().list().withPrefix(p).withSubstring(p));
-    assertThatNameList(filter(gApi.projects().list().withPrefix(p).get()))
-        .containsExactly(someOtherProject, someProject)
-        .inOrder();
-    p = name("SOME");
-    assertThatNameList(filter(gApi.projects().list().withPrefix(p).get())).isEmpty();
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withPrefix(p).get())
+        .containsExactly(someOtherProject, someProject);
+    p = "notlisttest";
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withPrefix(p).get()).isEmpty();
   }
 
   @Test
   public void listProjectsWithRegex() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey someProject = createProject("some-project");
-    Project.NameKey someOtherProject = createProject("some-other-project");
-    Project.NameKey projectAwesome = createProject("project-awesome");
+    Project.NameKey someProject = projectOperations.newProject().name("lpwr-some-project").create();
+    Project.NameKey someOtherProject =
+        projectOperations.newProject().name("lpwr-some-other-project").create();
+    Project.NameKey projectAwesome =
+        projectOperations.newProject().name("lpwr-project-awesome").create();
 
     assertBadRequest(gApi.projects().list().withRegex("[.*"));
     assertBadRequest(gApi.projects().list().withRegex(".*").withPrefix("p"));
     assertBadRequest(gApi.projects().list().withRegex(".*").withSubstring("p"));
 
-    assertThatNameList(filter(gApi.projects().list().withRegex(".*some").get()))
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withRegex(".*some").get())
         .containsExactly(projectAwesome);
-    String r = name("some-project$").replace(".", "\\.");
-    assertThatNameList(filter(gApi.projects().list().withRegex(r).get()))
-        .containsExactly(someProject);
-    assertThatNameList(filter(gApi.projects().list().withRegex(".*").get()))
+    String r = ("lpwr-some-project$").replace(".", "\\.");
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withRegex(r).get()).containsExactly(someProject);
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withRegex(".*").get())
         .containsExactly(
-            allProjects, allUsers, project, projectAwesome, someOtherProject, someProject)
-        .inOrder();
+            allProjects, allUsers, project, projectAwesome, someOtherProject, someProject);
   }
 
   @Test
   public void listProjectsWithStart() throws Exception {
+    String pre = "lpws-";
     for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
-      createProject(new Project.NameKey("someProject" + i).get());
+      projectOperations.newProject().name(pre + i).create();
     }
 
-    String p = name("");
-    List<ProjectInfo> all = gApi.projects().list().withPrefix(p).get();
-    // 5, plus p which was automatically created.
-    int n = 6;
+    List<ProjectInfo> all = gApi.projects().list().withPrefix(pre).get();
+    int n = 5;
     assertThat(all).hasSize(n);
-    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withPrefix(p).withStart(n - 1).get())
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withPrefix(pre).withStart(n - 1).get())
         .containsExactly(new Project.NameKey(Iterables.getLast(all).name));
   }
 
   @Test
   public void listProjectsWithSubstring() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey someProject = createProject("some-project");
-    Project.NameKey someOtherProject = createProject("some-other-project");
-    Project.NameKey projectAwesome = createProject("project-awesome");
+    Project.NameKey someProject = projectOperations.newProject().name("some-project").create();
+    Project.NameKey someOtherProject =
+        projectOperations.newProject().name("some-other-project").create();
+    Project.NameKey projectAwesome =
+        projectOperations.newProject().name("project-awesome").create();
 
     assertBadRequest(gApi.projects().list().withSubstring("some").withRegex(".*"));
     assertBadRequest(gApi.projects().list().withSubstring("some").withPrefix("some"));
-    assertThatNameList(filter(gApi.projects().list().withSubstring("some").get()))
-        .containsExactly(projectAwesome, someOtherProject, someProject)
-        .inOrder();
-    assertThatNameList(filter(gApi.projects().list().withSubstring("SOME").get()))
-        .containsExactly(projectAwesome, someOtherProject, someProject)
-        .inOrder();
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withSubstring("some").get())
+        .containsExactly(projectAwesome, someOtherProject, someProject);
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withSubstring("SOME").get())
+        .containsExactly(projectAwesome, someOtherProject, someProject);
   }
 
   @Test
   public void listProjectsWithTree() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey someParentProject = createProject("some-parent-project");
-    Project.NameKey someChildProject = createProject("some-child-project", someParentProject);
+    Project.NameKey someParentProject =
+        projectOperations.newProject().name("some-parent-project").create();
+    Project.NameKey someChildProject =
+        projectOperations
+            .newProject()
+            .name("some-child-project")
+            .parent(someParentProject)
+            .create();
 
     Map<String, ProjectInfo> result = gApi.projects().list().withTree(true).getAsMap();
     assertThat(result).containsKey(someChildProject.get());
@@ -184,15 +190,14 @@
         gApi.projects().list().withType(FilterType.PERMISSIONS).getAsMap();
     assertThat(result.keySet()).containsExactly(allProjects.get(), allUsers.get());
 
-    assertThatNameList(filter(gApi.projects().list().withType(FilterType.ALL).get()))
-        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project)
-        .inOrder();
+    assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withType(FilterType.ALL).get())
+        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project);
   }
 
   @Test
   public void listWithHiddenAndReadonlyProjects() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey hidden = createProject("project-to-hide");
-    Project.NameKey readonly = createProject("project-to-read");
+    Project.NameKey hidden = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    Project.NameKey readonly = projectOperations.newProject().create();
 
     // Set project read-only
     ConfigInput input = new ConfigInput();
@@ -203,8 +208,7 @@
     // The hidden project is included because it was not hidden yet.
     // The read-only project is included.
     assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().get())
-        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project, hidden, readonly)
-        .inOrder();
+        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project, hidden, readonly);
 
     // Hide the project
     input.state = ProjectState.HIDDEN;
@@ -216,18 +220,15 @@
 
     // Hidden project is not included in the list
     assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().get())
-        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project, readonly)
-        .inOrder();
+        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project, readonly);
 
     // ALL filter applies to type, and doesn't include hidden state
     assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withType(FilterType.ALL).get())
-        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project, readonly)
-        .inOrder();
+        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project, readonly);
 
     // "All" boolean option causes hidden projects to be included
     assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withAll(true).get())
-        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project, hidden, readonly)
-        .inOrder();
+        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project, hidden, readonly);
 
     // "State" option causes only the projects in that state to be included
     assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withState(ProjectState.HIDDEN).get())
@@ -235,8 +236,7 @@
     assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withState(ProjectState.READ_ONLY).get())
         .containsExactly(readonly);
     assertThatNameList(gApi.projects().list().withState(ProjectState.ACTIVE).get())
-        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project)
-        .inOrder();
+        .containsExactly(allProjects, allUsers, project);
 
     // Cannot use "all" and "state" together
     assertBadRequest(gApi.projects().list().withAll(true).withState(ProjectState.ACTIVE));
@@ -250,16 +250,4 @@
       // Expected.
     }
   }
-
-  private Iterable<ProjectInfo> filter(Iterable<ProjectInfo> infos) {
-    String prefix = name("");
-    return Iterables.filter(
-        infos,
-        p -> {
-          return p.name != null
-              && (p.name.equals(allProjects.get())
-                  || p.name.equals(allUsers.get())
-                  || p.name.startsWith(prefix));
-        });
-  }
 }
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ProjectLevelConfigIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ProjectLevelConfigIT.java
index c78b47b..3e51260 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ProjectLevelConfigIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/ProjectLevelConfigIT.java
@@ -19,9 +19,11 @@
 
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.RefNames;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectState;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.junit.TestRepository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Config;
@@ -29,6 +31,8 @@
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 public class ProjectLevelConfigIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
+
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
     fetch(testRepo, RefNames.REFS_CONFIG + ":refs/heads/config");
@@ -82,7 +86,7 @@
         .to(RefNames.REFS_CONFIG)
         .assertOkStatus();
 
-    Project.NameKey childProject = createProject("child", project);
+    Project.NameKey childProject = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
     TestRepository<?> childTestRepo = cloneProject(childProject);
     fetch(childTestRepo, RefNames.REFS_CONFIG + ":refs/heads/config");
     childTestRepo.reset("refs/heads/config");
@@ -137,7 +141,7 @@
         .to(RefNames.REFS_CONFIG)
         .assertOkStatus();
 
-    Project.NameKey childProject = createProject("child", project);
+    Project.NameKey childProject = projectOperations.newProject().parent(project).create();
     TestRepository<?> childTestRepo = cloneProject(childProject);
     fetch(childTestRepo, RefNames.REFS_CONFIG + ":refs/heads/config");
     childTestRepo.reset("refs/heads/config");
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/util/RestCall.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/util/RestCall.java
index a322089..7b0002c 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/util/RestCall.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/util/RestCall.java
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 
 import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
 import java.util.Optional;
-import jdk.nashorn.internal.ir.annotations.Ignore;
 import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
 
 /** Data container for test REST requests. */
 @Ignore
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/change/SubmittedTogetherIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/change/SubmittedTogetherIT.java
index 304a1e4..ddc3905 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/change/SubmittedTogetherIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/change/SubmittedTogetherIT.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.GitUtil;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestProjectInput;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.SubmittedTogetherInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.client.ChangeStatus;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.client.ListChangesOption;
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.common.RevisionInfo;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
 import com.google.gerrit.testing.ConfigSuite;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import java.util.EnumSet;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.junit.TestRepository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Config;
@@ -41,6 +43,8 @@
     return submitWholeTopicEnabledConfig();
   }
 
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
+
   @Test
   public void doesNotIncludeCurrentFiles() throws Exception {
     RevCommit c1_1 = commitBuilder().add("a.txt", "1").message("subject: 1").create();
@@ -226,7 +230,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void newBranchTwoChangesTogether() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey p1 = createProject("a-new-project", null, false);
+    Project.NameKey p1 = projectOperations.newProject().noEmptyCommit().create();
+
     TestRepository<?> repo1 = cloneProject(p1);
 
     RevCommit c1 =
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/notedb/OnlineNoteDbMigrationIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/notedb/OnlineNoteDbMigrationIT.java
index 87c5ace..6f226c8 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/notedb/OnlineNoteDbMigrationIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/notedb/OnlineNoteDbMigrationIT.java
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.Sandboxed;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.UseLocalDisk;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.registration.DynamicSet;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.registration.RegistrationHandle;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Change;
@@ -94,6 +95,7 @@
 @NoHttpd
 public class OnlineNoteDbMigrationIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
   private static final String INVALID_STATE = "deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef";
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @ConfigSuite.Default
   public static Config defaultConfig() {
@@ -303,7 +305,7 @@
   public void rebuildSubsetOfProjects() throws Exception {
     setNotesMigrationState(WRITE);
 
-    Project.NameKey p2 = createProject("project2");
+    Project.NameKey p2 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     TestRepository<?> tr2 = cloneProject(p2, admin);
 
     PushOneCommit.Result r1 = createChange();
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/permissions/PermissionBackendConditionIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/permissions/PermissionBackendConditionIT.java
index 720eeed..a72cd33 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/permissions/PermissionBackendConditionIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/permissions/PermissionBackendConditionIT.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
 
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.AbstractDaemonTest;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.conditions.BooleanCondition;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Branch;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@
 public class PermissionBackendConditionIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
 
   @Inject PermissionBackend pb;
+  @Inject ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   @Test
   public void globalPermissions_sameUserAndPermissionEquals() throws Exception {
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void projectPermissions_differentResourceSameUserDoesNotEqual() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey project2 = createProject("p2");
+    Project.NameKey project2 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     BooleanCondition cond1 = pb.user(user()).project(project).testCond(ProjectPermission.READ);
     BooleanCondition cond2 = pb.user(user()).project(project2).testCond(ProjectPermission.READ);
 
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@
   @Test
   public void refPermissions_differentResourceAndSameUserDoesNotEqual2() throws Exception {
     Branch.NameKey branch1 = new Branch.NameKey(project, "branch");
-    Branch.NameKey branch2 = new Branch.NameKey(createProject("p2"), "branch");
+    Branch.NameKey branch2 = new Branch.NameKey(projectOperations.newProject().create(), "branch");
     BooleanCondition cond1 = pb.user(user()).ref(branch1).testCond(RefPermission.READ);
     BooleanCondition cond2 = pb.user(user()).ref(branch2).testCond(RefPermission.READ);
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/project/ProjectWatchIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/project/ProjectWatchIT.java
index cfdd781..f9493fa 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/project/ProjectWatchIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/server/project/ProjectWatchIT.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.NoHttpd;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.PushOneCommit;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.TestAccount;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.Permission;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.ReviewInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.changes.StarsInput;
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.ProjectWatches.NotifyType;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.NotifyConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.testing.FakeEmailSender.Message;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import java.util.EnumSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.dfs.InMemoryRepository;
@@ -40,6 +42,8 @@
 
 @NoHttpd
 public class ProjectWatchIT extends AbstractDaemonTest {
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
+
   @Test
   public void newPatchSetsNotifyConfig() throws Exception {
     Address addr = new Address("Watcher", "watcher@example.com");
@@ -210,7 +214,7 @@
   @Test
   public void watchProject() throws Exception {
     // watch project
-    String watchedProject = createProject("watchedProject").get();
+    String watchedProject = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
     watch(watchedProject);
 
@@ -226,7 +230,7 @@
 
     // push a change to non-watched project -> should not trigger email
     // notification
-    String notWatchedProject = createProject("otherProject").get();
+    String notWatchedProject = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     TestRepository<InMemoryRepository> notWatchedRepo =
         cloneProject(new Project.NameKey(notWatchedProject), admin);
     r =
@@ -246,8 +250,8 @@
 
   @Test
   public void watchFile() throws Exception {
-    String watchedProject = createProject("watchedProject").get();
-    String otherWatchedProject = createProject("otherWatchedProject").get();
+    String watchedProject = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
+    String otherWatchedProject = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
 
     // watch file in project as user
@@ -300,7 +304,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void watchKeyword() throws Exception {
-    String watchedProject = createProject("watchedProject").get();
+    String watchedProject = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
 
     // watch keyword in project as user
@@ -339,7 +343,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void watchAllProjects() throws Exception {
-    String anyProject = createProject("anyProject").get();
+    String anyProject = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
 
     // watch the All-Projects project to watch all projects
@@ -366,7 +370,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void watchFileAllProjects() throws Exception {
-    String anyProject = createProject("anyProject").get();
+    String anyProject = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
 
     // watch file in All-Projects project as user to watch the file in all
@@ -417,7 +421,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void watchKeywordAllProjects() throws Exception {
-    String anyProject = createProject("anyProject").get();
+    String anyProject = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
 
     // watch keyword in project as user
@@ -458,7 +462,7 @@
   @Test
   public void watchProjectNoNotificationForIgnoredChange() throws Exception {
     // watch project
-    String watchedProject = createProject("watchedProject").get();
+    String watchedProject = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
     watch(watchedProject);
 
@@ -491,7 +495,7 @@
   @Test
   public void watchProjectNoNotificationForPrivateChange() throws Exception {
     // watch project
-    String watchedProject = createProject("watchedProject").get();
+    String watchedProject = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
     setApiUser(user);
     watch(watchedProject);
 
@@ -511,7 +515,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void watchProjectNotifyOnPrivateChange() throws Exception {
-    String watchedProject = createProject("watchedProject").get();
+    String watchedProject = projectOperations.newProject().create().get();
 
     // create group that can view all private changes
     GroupInfo groupThatCanViewPrivateChanges =
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/ssh/GarbageCollectionIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/ssh/GarbageCollectionIT.java
index 4384ab5..c23f889d 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/ssh/GarbageCollectionIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/ssh/GarbageCollectionIT.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.NoHttpd;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.UseLocalDisk;
 import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.UseSsh;
+import com.google.gerrit.acceptance.testsuite.project.ProjectOperations;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.data.GarbageCollectionResult;
 import com.google.gerrit.reviewdb.client.Project;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.GarbageCollection;
@@ -40,14 +41,15 @@
   @Inject private GarbageCollectionQueue gcQueue;
 
   @Inject private GcAssert gcAssert;
+  @Inject private ProjectOperations projectOperations;
 
   private Project.NameKey project2;
   private Project.NameKey project3;
 
   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
-    project2 = createProject("p2");
-    project3 = createProject("p3");
+    project2 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
+    project3 = projectOperations.newProject().create();
   }
 
   @Test
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/testsuite/project/ProjectOperationsImplTest.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/testsuite/project/ProjectOperationsImplTest.java
index 6dc69be..3f537c0 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/testsuite/project/ProjectOperationsImplTest.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/testsuite/project/ProjectOperationsImplTest.java
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 
   @Test
   public void emptyCommit() throws Exception {
-    Project.NameKey key = projectOperations.newProject().withEmptyCommit().create();
+    Project.NameKey key = projectOperations.newProject().create();
     List<BranchInfo> branches = gApi.projects().name(key.get()).branches().get();
     assertThat(branches).isNotEmpty();
     assertThat(branches.stream().map(x -> x.ref).collect(toList()))
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/elasticsearch/ElasticContainer.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/elasticsearch/ElasticContainer.java
index c3150f1..0b5ef6e 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/elasticsearch/ElasticContainer.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/elasticsearch/ElasticContainer.java
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
       case V6_4:
         return "docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:6.4.3";
       case V6_5:
-        return "docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:6.5.0";
+        return "docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:6.5.1";
     }
     throw new IllegalStateException("No tests for version: " + version.name());
   }
diff --git a/lib/BUILD b/lib/BUILD
index 95ca4db..80da4c0 100644
--- a/lib/BUILD
+++ b/lib/BUILD
@@ -80,6 +80,13 @@
 )
 
 java_library(
+    name = "guava-failureaccess",
+    data = ["//lib:LICENSE-Apache2.0"],
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+    exports = ["@guava-failureaccess//jar"],
+)
+
+java_library(
     name = "j2objc",
     data = ["//lib:LICENSE-Apache2.0"],
     visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
@@ -91,6 +98,7 @@
     data = ["//lib:LICENSE-Apache2.0"],
     visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
     exports = [
+        ":guava-failureaccess",
         ":j2objc",
         "@guava//jar",
     ],
diff --git a/lib/guava.bzl b/lib/guava.bzl
index 1add718..e4c9083 100644
--- a/lib/guava.bzl
+++ b/lib/guava.bzl
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-GUAVA_VERSION = "26.0-jre"
+GUAVA_VERSION = "27.0.1-jre"
 
-GUAVA_BIN_SHA1 = "6a806eff209f36f635f943e16d97491f00f6bfab"
+GUAVA_BIN_SHA1 = "bd41a290787b5301e63929676d792c507bbc00ae"
 
 GUAVA_DOC_URL = "https://google.github.io/guava/releases/" + GUAVA_VERSION + "/api/docs/"
diff --git a/plugins/replication b/plugins/replication
index bc5efb5..3ce09db 160000
--- a/plugins/replication
+++ b/plugins/replication
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit bc5efb5b60a5a93c25c075f3667841e02532a99c
+Subproject commit 3ce09db0cae09038f2924f1ff8f097e6c91c7a1e
diff --git a/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/change-list/gr-change-list-item/gr-change-list-item.html b/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/change-list/gr-change-list-item/gr-change-list-item.html
index 9a3fc03..8c152b6 100644
--- a/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/change-list/gr-change-list-item/gr-change-list-item.html
+++ b/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/change-list/gr-change-list-item/gr-change-list-item.html
@@ -165,8 +165,9 @@
         hidden$="[[isColumnHidden('Assignee', visibleChangeTableColumns)]]">
       <template is="dom-if" if="[[change.assignee]]">
         <gr-account-link
+            id="assigneeAccountLink"
             account="[[change.assignee]]"
-            additional-text="[[_computeAccountStatusString(change.owner)]]"></gr-account-link>
+            additional-text="[[_computeAccountStatusString(change.assignee)]]"></gr-account-link>
       </template>
       <template is="dom-if" if="[[!change.assignee]]">
         <span class="placeholder">--</span>
diff --git a/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/change-list/gr-change-list-item/gr-change-list-item_test.html b/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/change-list/gr-change-list-item/gr-change-list-item_test.html
index aaad362..3637653 100644
--- a/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/change-list/gr-change-list-item/gr-change-list-item_test.html
+++ b/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/change-list/gr-change-list-item/gr-change-list-item_test.html
@@ -182,10 +182,13 @@
       element.change = {
         assignee: {
           name: 'test',
+          status: 'test',
         },
       };
       flushAsynchronousOperations();
       assert.isOk(element.$$('.assignee gr-account-link'));
+      assert.equal(Polymer.dom(element.root)
+          .querySelector('#assigneeAccountLink').additionalText, '(test)');
     });
 
     test('_computeAccountStatusString', () => {
diff --git a/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/diff/gr-diff-host/gr-diff-host.js b/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/diff/gr-diff-host/gr-diff-host.js
index 8b9d8066..fd460cc 100644
--- a/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/diff/gr-diff-host/gr-diff-host.js
+++ b/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/diff/gr-diff-host/gr-diff-host.js
@@ -45,24 +45,6 @@
     return !!(diff.binary && (isA || isB));
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Compare two ranges. Either argument may be falsy, but will only return
-   * true if both are falsy or if neither are falsy and have the same position
-   * values.
-   *
-   * @param {Gerrit.Range=} a range 1
-   * @param {Gerrit.Range=} b range 2
-   * @return {boolean}
-   */
-  function rangesEqual(a, b) {
-    if (!a && !b) { return true; }
-    if (!a || !b) { return false; }
-    return a.start_line === b.start_line &&
-        a.start_character === b.start_character &&
-        a.end_line === b.end_line &&
-        a.end_character === b.end_character;
-  }
-
   /** @enum {string} */
   Gerrit.DiffSide = {
     LEFT: 'left',
@@ -652,7 +634,7 @@
       function matchesRange(threadEl) {
         const threadRange = /** @type {!Gerrit.Range} */(
             JSON.parse(threadEl.getAttribute('range')));
-        return rangesEqual(threadRange, range);
+        return Gerrit.rangesEqual(threadRange, range);
       }
 
       const filteredThreadEls = this._filterThreadElsForLocation(
diff --git a/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/diff/gr-diff/gr-diff.js b/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/diff/gr-diff/gr-diff.js
index 996d484..b134d4e 100644
--- a/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/diff/gr-diff/gr-diff.js
+++ b/polygerrit-ui/app/elements/diff/gr-diff/gr-diff.js
@@ -55,6 +55,24 @@
    *             end_line: number, end_character: number}} */
   Gerrit.Range;
 
+  /**
+   * Compare two ranges. Either argument may be falsy, but will only return
+   * true if both are falsy or if neither are falsy and have the same position
+   * values.
+   *
+   * @param {Gerrit.Range=} a range 1
+   * @param {Gerrit.Range=} b range 2
+   * @return {boolean}
+   */
+  Gerrit.rangesEqual = function(a, b) {
+    if (!a && !b) { return true; }
+    if (!a || !b) { return false; }
+    return a.start_line === b.start_line &&
+        a.start_character === b.start_character &&
+        a.end_line === b.end_line &&
+        a.end_character === b.end_character;
+  };
+
   function isThreadEl(node) {
     return node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE &&
         node.classList.contains('comment-thread');
@@ -257,18 +275,14 @@
     _observeNodes() {
       this._nodeObserver = Polymer.dom(this).observeNodes(info => {
         const addedThreadEls = info.addedNodes.filter(isThreadEl);
-        // In principle we should also handle removed nodes, but I have not
-        // figured out how to do that yet without also catching all the removals
-        // caused by further redistribution. Right now, comments are never
-        // removed by no longer slotting them in, so I decided to not handle
-        // this situation until it occurs.
-        this._updateRanges(addedThreadEls);
-        this._updateKeyLocations(addedThreadEls);
+        const removedThreadEls = info.removedNodes.filter(isThreadEl);
+        this._updateRanges(addedThreadEls, removedThreadEls);
+        this._updateKeyLocations(addedThreadEls, removedThreadEls);
         this._redispatchHoverEvents(addedThreadEls);
       });
     },
 
-    _updateRanges(addedThreadEls) {
+    _updateRanges(addedThreadEls, removedThreadEls) {
       function commentRangeFromThreadEl(threadEl) {
         const side = threadEl.getAttribute('comment-side');
         const range = JSON.parse(threadEl.getAttribute('range'));
@@ -278,15 +292,30 @@
       const addedCommentRanges = addedThreadEls
           .map(commentRangeFromThreadEl)
           .filter(({range}) => range);
+      const removedCommentRanges = removedThreadEls
+          .map(commentRangeFromThreadEl)
+          .filter(({range}) => range);
+      for (const removedCommentRange of removedCommentRanges) {
+        const i = this._commentRanges.findIndex(commentRange => {
+          return commentRange.side === removedCommentRange.side &&
+              Gerrit.rangesEqual(commentRange.range, removedCommentRange.range);
+        });
+        this.splice('_commentRanges', i, 1);
+      }
       this.push('_commentRanges', ...addedCommentRanges);
     },
 
-    _updateKeyLocations(addedThreadEls) {
+    _updateKeyLocations(addedThreadEls, removedThreadEls) {
       for (const threadEl of addedThreadEls) {
         const commentSide = threadEl.getAttribute('comment-side');
         const lineNum = threadEl.getAttribute('line-num') || GrDiffLine.FILE;
         this._keyLocations[commentSide][lineNum] = true;
       }
+      for (const threadEl of removedThreadEls) {
+        const commentSide = threadEl.getAttribute('comment-side');
+        const lineNum = threadEl.getAttribute('line-num') || GrDiffLine.FILE;
+        this._keyLocations[commentSide][lineNum] = false;
+      }
     },
 
     // Dispatch events that are handled by the gr-diff-highlight.
@@ -628,11 +657,11 @@
     _handleRenderContent() {
       this._incrementalNodeObserver = Polymer.dom(this).observeNodes(info => {
         const addedThreadEls = info.addedNodes.filter(isThreadEl);
-        // In principle we should also handle removed nodes, but I have not
-        // figured out how to do that yet without also catching all the removals
-        // caused by further redistribution. Right now, comments are never
-        // removed by no longer slotting them in, so I decided to not handle
-        // this situation until it occurs.
+        // Removed nodes do not need to be handled because all this code does is
+        // adding a slot for the added thread elements, and the extra slots do
+        // not hurt. It's probably a bigger performance cost to remove them than
+        // to keep them around. Medium term we can even consider to add one slot
+        // for each line from the start.
         for (const threadEl of addedThreadEls) {
           const lineNumString = threadEl.getAttribute('line-num') || 'FILE';
           const commentSide = threadEl.getAttribute('comment-side');