diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/init/InitModule.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/init/InitModule.java
index 473e3aa..a40a704 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/init/InitModule.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/init/InitModule.java
@@ -14,12 +14,19 @@
 
 package com.google.gerrit.pgm.init;
 
+import static com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence.LightweightAccounts;
+import static com.google.inject.Scopes.SINGLETON;
+
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.config.FactoryModule;
 import com.google.gerrit.pgm.init.api.InitStep;
 import com.google.gerrit.pgm.init.api.Section;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.externalids.ExternalIdFactory;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.externalids.storage.notedb.ExternalIdFactoryNoteDbImpl;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllUsersName;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllUsersNameProvider;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.SitePaths;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.RepoSequence.DisabledGitRefUpdatedRepoAccountsSequenceProvider;
 import com.google.inject.Singleton;
 import com.google.inject.binder.LinkedBindingBuilder;
 import com.google.inject.internal.UniqueAnnotations;
@@ -37,6 +44,10 @@
   @Override
   protected void configure() {
     bind(SitePaths.class);
+    bind(AllUsersName.class).toProvider(AllUsersNameProvider.class).in(SINGLETON);
+    bind(Sequence.class)
+        .annotatedWith(LightweightAccounts.class)
+        .toProvider(DisabledGitRefUpdatedRepoAccountsSequenceProvider.class);
     factory(Section.Factory.class);
     factory(VersionedAuthorizedKeysOnInit.Factory.class);
 
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/init/api/SequencesOnInit.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/init/api/SequencesOnInit.java
index c11230c..f6e2b9c 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/init/api/SequencesOnInit.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/init/api/SequencesOnInit.java
@@ -14,34 +14,22 @@
 
 package com.google.gerrit.pgm.init.api;
 
-import com.google.gerrit.entities.Project;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.extensions.events.GitReferenceUpdated;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.git.GitRepositoryManager;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.RepoSequence;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.Sequences;
+import static com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence.LightweightAccounts;
+
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import com.google.inject.Singleton;
 
 @Singleton
 public class SequencesOnInit {
-  private final GitRepositoryManager repoManager;
-  private final AllUsersNameOnInitProvider allUsersName;
+  private final Sequence accountsSequence;
 
   @Inject
-  SequencesOnInit(GitRepositoryManagerOnInit repoManager, AllUsersNameOnInitProvider allUsersName) {
-    this.repoManager = repoManager;
-    this.allUsersName = allUsersName;
+  SequencesOnInit(@LightweightAccounts Sequence accountsSequence) {
+    this.accountsSequence = accountsSequence;
   }
 
   public int nextAccountId() {
-    RepoSequence accountSeq =
-        new RepoSequence(
-            repoManager,
-            GitReferenceUpdated.DISABLED,
-            Project.nameKey(allUsersName.get()),
-            Sequences.NAME_ACCOUNTS,
-            () -> Sequences.FIRST_ACCOUNT_ID,
-            1);
-    return accountSeq.next();
+    return accountsSequence.next();
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/util/BatchProgramModule.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/util/BatchProgramModule.java
index 82d1dda..718fa69 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/util/BatchProgramModule.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/util/BatchProgramModule.java
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.TagCache;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.ChangeDraftNotesUpdate;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.NoteDbModule;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.RepoSequence.RepoSequenceModule;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.DiffExecutorModule;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.DiffOperationsImpl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.PatchListCacheImpl;
@@ -196,6 +197,7 @@
     modules.add(TagCache.module());
     modules.add(PureRevertCache.module());
     modules.add(new ApprovalModule());
+    modules.add(new RepoSequenceModule());
     modules.add(SubmitRequirementsEvaluatorImpl.module());
     factory(CapabilityCollection.Factory.class);
     factory(ChangeData.AssistedFactory.class);
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/Sequence.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/Sequence.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..844b583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/Sequence.java
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package com.google.gerrit.server;
+
+import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.FIELD;
+import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.METHOD;
+import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.PARAMETER;
+import static java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.inject.BindingAnnotation;
+import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
+import java.lang.annotation.Target;
+
+/**
+ * An incrementing sequence that's used to assign new unique numbers for change, account and group
+ * IDs.
+ */
+public interface Sequence {
+  String NAME_ACCOUNTS = "accounts";
+  String NAME_GROUPS = "groups";
+  String NAME_CHANGES = "changes";
+
+  /**
+   * Some callers cannot get the normal {@link #NAME_ACCOUNTS} sequence injected because some
+   * injected fields are not available at injection time. Allow for providing a light-weight
+   * injected instance.
+   */
+  @BindingAnnotation
+  @Target({FIELD, PARAMETER, METHOD})
+  @Retention(RUNTIME)
+  @interface LightweightAccounts {}
+
+  /**
+   * Some callers cannot get the normal {@link #NAME_GROUPS} sequence injected because some injected
+   * fields are not available at injection time. Allow for providing a light-weight injected
+   * instance.
+   */
+  @BindingAnnotation
+  @Target({FIELD, PARAMETER, METHOD})
+  @Retention(RUNTIME)
+  @interface LightweightGroups {}
+
+  enum SequenceType {
+    ACCOUNTS,
+    CHANGES,
+    GROUPS;
+  }
+
+  /** Returns the next available sequence value and increments the sequence for the next call. */
+  int next();
+
+  /** Similar to {@link #next()} but returns a {@code count} of next available values. */
+  ImmutableList<Integer> next(int count);
+
+  /** Returns the next available sequence value. */
+  int current();
+
+  /** Returns the last sequence number that was assigned. */
+  int last();
+
+  /**
+   * Stores a new {@code value} to be returned on the next calls for {@link #next()} or {@link
+   * #current()}.
+   */
+  void storeNew(int value);
+
+  /** Returns the batch size that was used to initialize the sequence. */
+  int getBatchSize();
+}
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/config/GerritGlobalModule.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/config/GerritGlobalModule.java
index 81d48ad..b5048b4 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/config/GerritGlobalModule.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/config/GerritGlobalModule.java
@@ -174,6 +174,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.ChangeDraftNotesUpdate;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.DeleteZombieCommentsRefs;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.NoteDbModule;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.RepoSequence.RepoSequenceModule;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.StoreSubmitRequirementsOp;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.DiffFileSizeValidator;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.DiffOperationsImpl;
@@ -255,6 +256,7 @@
 
     bind(IdGenerator.class);
     bind(BlameCache.class).to(BlameCacheImpl.class);
+    install(new RepoSequenceModule());
     install(BatchUpdate.module());
     install(ChangeKindCacheImpl.module());
     install(ChangeFinder.module());
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/RepoSequence.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/RepoSequence.java
index 53ee58b..38ce3a0 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/RepoSequence.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/RepoSequence.java
@@ -34,11 +34,20 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.Project;
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.RefNames;
 import com.google.gerrit.exceptions.StorageException;
+import com.google.gerrit.extensions.config.FactoryModule;
 import com.google.gerrit.git.LockFailureException;
 import com.google.gerrit.git.RefUpdateUtil;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllProjectsName;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllUsersName;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.config.GerritServerConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.extensions.events.GitReferenceUpdated;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.GitRepositoryManager;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.update.context.RefUpdateContext;
+import com.google.inject.Inject;
+import com.google.inject.Provider;
+import com.google.inject.Provides;
+import com.google.inject.name.Named;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -47,6 +56,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Config;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefUpdate;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
@@ -62,7 +72,7 @@
  * memory until they run out. This means concurrent processes will hand out somewhat non-monotonic
  * numbers.
  */
-public class RepoSequence {
+public class RepoSequence implements Sequence {
   private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
 
   @FunctionalInterface
@@ -70,6 +80,134 @@
     int get();
   }
 
+  public static class RepoSequenceModule extends FactoryModule {
+    private static final String SECTION_NOTE_DB = "noteDb";
+    private static final String KEY_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE = "sequenceBatchSize";
+    private static final int DEFAULT_ACCOUNTS_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE = 1;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_GROUPS_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE = 1;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_CHANGES_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE = 20;
+
+    @Provides
+    @Named(NAME_ACCOUNTS)
+    Sequence getAccountSequence(
+        @GerritServerConfig Config cfg,
+        GitRepositoryManager repoManager,
+        AllUsersName allUsers,
+        GitReferenceUpdated gitReferenceUpdated) {
+      int accountBatchSize =
+          cfg.getInt(
+              SECTION_NOTE_DB,
+              NAME_ACCOUNTS,
+              KEY_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE,
+              DEFAULT_ACCOUNTS_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE);
+      return new RepoSequence(
+          repoManager,
+          gitReferenceUpdated,
+          allUsers,
+          NAME_ACCOUNTS,
+          () -> Sequences.FIRST_ACCOUNT_ID,
+          accountBatchSize);
+    }
+
+    @Provides
+    @Named(NAME_GROUPS)
+    Sequence getGroupSequence(
+        GitRepositoryManager repoManager,
+        AllUsersName allUsers,
+        GitReferenceUpdated gitReferenceUpdated) {
+      return new RepoSequence(
+          repoManager,
+          gitReferenceUpdated,
+          allUsers,
+          NAME_GROUPS,
+          () -> Sequences.FIRST_GROUP_ID,
+          DEFAULT_GROUPS_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    @Provides
+    @Named(NAME_CHANGES)
+    Sequence getChangesSequence(
+        @GerritServerConfig Config cfg,
+        GitRepositoryManager repoManager,
+        AllProjectsName allProjects,
+        GitReferenceUpdated gitReferenceUpdated) {
+      int changeBatchSize =
+          cfg.getInt(
+              SECTION_NOTE_DB,
+              NAME_CHANGES,
+              KEY_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE,
+              DEFAULT_CHANGES_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE);
+      return new RepoSequence(
+          repoManager,
+          gitReferenceUpdated,
+          allProjects,
+          NAME_CHANGES,
+          () -> Sequences.FIRST_CHANGE_ID,
+          changeBatchSize);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** A groups sequence provider that does not fire git reference updates. */
+  public static class DisabledGitRefUpdatedRepoGroupsSequenceProvider
+      implements Provider<Sequence> {
+    private static final int DEFAULT_GROUPS_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE = 1;
+    private final GitRepositoryManager repoManager;
+    private final AllUsersName allUsers;
+
+    @Inject
+    DisabledGitRefUpdatedRepoGroupsSequenceProvider(
+        GitRepositoryManager repoManager, AllUsersName allUsersName) {
+      this.repoManager = repoManager;
+      this.allUsers = allUsersName;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Sequence get() {
+      return new RepoSequence(
+          repoManager,
+          GitReferenceUpdated.DISABLED,
+          allUsers,
+          NAME_GROUPS,
+          () -> Sequences.FIRST_GROUP_ID,
+          DEFAULT_GROUPS_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** A accounts sequence provider that does not fire git reference updates. */
+  public static class DisabledGitRefUpdatedRepoAccountsSequenceProvider
+      implements Provider<Sequence> {
+    private final GitRepositoryManager repoManager;
+    private final AllUsersName allUsers;
+    private final Config cfg;
+
+    @Inject
+    DisabledGitRefUpdatedRepoAccountsSequenceProvider(
+        @GerritServerConfig Config cfg,
+        GitRepositoryManager repoManager,
+        AllUsersName allUsersName) {
+      this.repoManager = repoManager;
+      this.allUsers = allUsersName;
+      this.cfg = cfg;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Sequence get() {
+      int accountBatchSize =
+          cfg.getInt(
+              RepoSequenceModule.SECTION_NOTE_DB,
+              NAME_ACCOUNTS,
+              RepoSequenceModule.KEY_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE,
+              RepoSequenceModule.DEFAULT_ACCOUNTS_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE);
+      return new RepoSequence(
+          repoManager,
+          GitReferenceUpdated.DISABLED,
+          allUsers,
+          NAME_ACCOUNTS,
+          () -> Sequences.FIRST_ACCOUNT_ID,
+          accountBatchSize);
+    }
+  }
+
   @VisibleForTesting
   static RetryerBuilder<ImmutableList<Integer>> retryerBuilder() {
     return RetryerBuilder.<ImmutableList<Integer>>newBuilder()
@@ -136,7 +274,7 @@
     this(repoManager, gitRefUpdated, projectName, name, seed, batchSize, afterReadRef, retryer, 0);
   }
 
-  RepoSequence(
+  private RepoSequence(
       GitRepositoryManager repoManager,
       GitReferenceUpdated gitRefUpdated,
       Project.NameKey projectName,
@@ -177,6 +315,7 @@
    *
    * @return the next available sequence number
    */
+  @Override
   public int next() {
     return Iterables.getOnlyElement(next(1));
   }
@@ -189,6 +328,7 @@
    * @param count the number of sequence numbers which should be returned
    * @return the next N available sequence numbers
    */
+  @Override
   public ImmutableList<Integer> next(int count) {
     if (count == 0) {
       return ImmutableList.of();
@@ -271,6 +411,7 @@
     }
   }
 
+  @Override
   public void storeNew(int value) {
     counterLock.lock();
     try (Repository repo = repoManager.openRepository(projectName);
@@ -296,6 +437,12 @@
     }
   }
 
+  @Override
+  public int getBatchSize() {
+    return batchSize;
+  }
+
+  @Override
   public int current() {
     counterLock.lock();
     try (Repository repo = repoManager.openRepository(projectName);
@@ -320,6 +467,7 @@
    *
    * <p>Explicitly calls {@link #next()} if this instance didn't return sequence number until now.
    */
+  @Override
   public int last() {
     if (counter == 0) {
       next();
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/Sequences.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/Sequences.java
index b42253e..780998b 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/Sequences.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/notedb/Sequences.java
@@ -14,98 +14,43 @@
 
 package com.google.gerrit.server.notedb;
 
+import static com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence.NAME_ACCOUNTS;
+import static com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence.NAME_CHANGES;
+import static com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence.NAME_GROUPS;
+
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.google.gerrit.metrics.Description;
 import com.google.gerrit.metrics.Description.Units;
 import com.google.gerrit.metrics.Field;
 import com.google.gerrit.metrics.MetricMaker;
 import com.google.gerrit.metrics.Timer2;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllProjectsName;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllUsersName;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.config.GerritServerConfig;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.extensions.events.GitReferenceUpdated;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.git.GitRepositoryManager;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence.SequenceType;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.logging.Metadata;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import com.google.inject.Singleton;
-import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Config;
+import com.google.inject.name.Named;
 
 @Singleton
 public class Sequences {
-  private static final String SECTION_NOTEDB = "noteDb";
-  private static final String KEY_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE = "sequenceBatchSize";
-  private static final int DEFAULT_ACCOUNTS_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE = 1;
-  private static final int DEFAULT_CHANGES_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE = 20;
-
-  public static final String NAME_ACCOUNTS = "accounts";
-  public static final String NAME_GROUPS = "groups";
-  public static final String NAME_CHANGES = "changes";
-
-  public static final int FIRST_ACCOUNT_ID = 1000000;
-  public static final int FIRST_GROUP_ID = 1;
   public static final int FIRST_CHANGE_ID = 1;
+  public static final int FIRST_GROUP_ID = 1;
+  public static final int FIRST_ACCOUNT_ID = 1000000;
 
-  private enum SequenceType {
-    ACCOUNTS,
-    CHANGES,
-    GROUPS;
-  }
-
-  private final RepoSequence accountSeq;
-  private final RepoSequence changeSeq;
-  private final RepoSequence groupSeq;
+  private final Sequence accountSeq;
+  private final Sequence changeSeq;
+  private final Sequence groupSeq;
   private final Timer2<SequenceType, Boolean> nextIdLatency;
-  private final int accountBatchSize;
-  private final int changeBatchSize;
-  private final int groupBatchSize = 1;
 
   @Inject
   public Sequences(
-      @GerritServerConfig Config cfg,
-      GitRepositoryManager repoManager,
-      GitReferenceUpdated gitRefUpdated,
-      AllProjectsName allProjects,
-      AllUsersName allUsers,
-      MetricMaker metrics) {
-
-    accountBatchSize =
-        cfg.getInt(
-            SECTION_NOTEDB,
-            NAME_ACCOUNTS,
-            KEY_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE,
-            DEFAULT_ACCOUNTS_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE);
-    accountSeq =
-        new RepoSequence(
-            repoManager,
-            gitRefUpdated,
-            allUsers,
-            NAME_ACCOUNTS,
-            () -> FIRST_ACCOUNT_ID,
-            accountBatchSize);
-
-    changeBatchSize =
-        cfg.getInt(
-            SECTION_NOTEDB,
-            NAME_CHANGES,
-            KEY_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE,
-            DEFAULT_CHANGES_SEQUENCE_BATCH_SIZE);
-    changeSeq =
-        new RepoSequence(
-            repoManager,
-            gitRefUpdated,
-            allProjects,
-            NAME_CHANGES,
-            () -> FIRST_CHANGE_ID,
-            changeBatchSize);
-
-    groupSeq =
-        new RepoSequence(
-            repoManager,
-            gitRefUpdated,
-            allUsers,
-            NAME_GROUPS,
-            () -> FIRST_GROUP_ID,
-            groupBatchSize);
+      MetricMaker metrics,
+      @Named(NAME_ACCOUNTS) Sequence accountsSeq,
+      @Named(NAME_GROUPS) Sequence groupsSeq,
+      @Named(NAME_CHANGES) Sequence changesSeq) {
+    this.accountSeq = accountsSeq;
+    this.groupSeq = groupsSeq;
+    this.changeSeq = changesSeq;
 
     nextIdLatency =
         metrics.newTimer(
@@ -123,42 +68,42 @@
 
   public int nextAccountId() {
     try (Timer2.Context<SequenceType, Boolean> timer =
-        nextIdLatency.start(SequenceType.ACCOUNTS, false)) {
+        nextIdLatency.start(Sequence.SequenceType.ACCOUNTS, false)) {
       return accountSeq.next();
     }
   }
 
   public int nextChangeId() {
     try (Timer2.Context<SequenceType, Boolean> timer =
-        nextIdLatency.start(SequenceType.CHANGES, false)) {
+        nextIdLatency.start(Sequence.SequenceType.CHANGES, false)) {
       return changeSeq.next();
     }
   }
 
   public ImmutableList<Integer> nextChangeIds(int count) {
     try (Timer2.Context<SequenceType, Boolean> timer =
-        nextIdLatency.start(SequenceType.CHANGES, count > 1)) {
+        nextIdLatency.start(Sequence.SequenceType.CHANGES, count > 1)) {
       return changeSeq.next(count);
     }
   }
 
   public int nextGroupId() {
     try (Timer2.Context<SequenceType, Boolean> timer =
-        nextIdLatency.start(SequenceType.GROUPS, false)) {
+        nextIdLatency.start(Sequence.SequenceType.GROUPS, false)) {
       return groupSeq.next();
     }
   }
 
   public int changeBatchSize() {
-    return changeBatchSize;
+    return changeSeq.getBatchSize();
   }
 
   public int groupBatchSize() {
-    return groupBatchSize;
+    return groupSeq.getBatchSize();
   }
 
   public int accountBatchSize() {
-    return accountBatchSize;
+    return accountSeq.getBatchSize();
   }
 
   public int currentChangeId() {
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/AllProjectsCreator.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/AllProjectsCreator.java
index 5b6dbf8..123a873 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/AllProjectsCreator.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/AllProjectsCreator.java
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.PermissionRule.Action;
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.RefNames;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.GerritPersonIdent;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllProjectsName;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.extensions.events.GitReferenceUpdated;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.GitRepositoryManager;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.meta.MetaDataUpdate;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.group.SystemGroupBackend;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.Sequences;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.update.context.RefUpdateContext;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
 
   private void initSequences(Repository git, BatchRefUpdate bru, int firstChangeId)
       throws IOException {
-    if (git.exactRef(REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequences.NAME_CHANGES) == null) {
+    if (git.exactRef(REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequence.NAME_CHANGES) == null) {
       // Can't easily reuse the inserter from MetaDataUpdate, but this shouldn't slow down site
       // initialization unduly.
       try (ObjectInserter ins = git.newObjectInserter()) {
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@
   private ReceiveCommand createNewChangeSequence(ObjectInserter ins, int val) throws IOException {
     ObjectId newId = ins.insert(OBJ_BLOB, Integer.toString(val).getBytes(UTF_8));
     return new ReceiveCommand(
-        ObjectId.zeroId(), newId, RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequences.NAME_CHANGES);
+        ObjectId.zeroId(), newId, RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequence.NAME_CHANGES);
   }
 
   private void execute(Repository git, BatchRefUpdate bru) throws IOException {
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/NoteDbSchemaUpdater.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/NoteDbSchemaUpdater.java
index 57ec7ef..d60a10a 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/NoteDbSchemaUpdater.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/NoteDbSchemaUpdater.java
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSortedSet;
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.RefNames;
 import com.google.gerrit.exceptions.StorageException;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllUsersName;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.GerritServerConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.GitRepositoryManager;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.Sequences;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.update.context.RefUpdateContext;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
     //    In this case the server literally will not start under 2.16. We assume the user will fix
     //    this and get 2.16 running rather than abandoning 2.16 and jumping to 3.0 at this point.
     try (Repository allUsers = repoManager.openRepository(allUsersName)) {
-      if (allUsers.exactRef(RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequences.NAME_GROUPS) == null) {
+      if (allUsers.exactRef(RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequence.NAME_GROUPS) == null) {
         throw new StorageException(
             "You appear to be upgrading to 3.x from a version prior to 2.16; you must upgrade to"
                 + " 2.16.x first");
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/SchemaCreatorImpl.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/SchemaCreatorImpl.java
index 38e45ab..56c6fa8 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/SchemaCreatorImpl.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/SchemaCreatorImpl.java
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 
 package com.google.gerrit.server.schema;
 
+import static com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence.LightweightGroups;
+
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.gerrit.common.Nullable;
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.AccountGroup;
@@ -21,8 +23,8 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.InternalGroup;
 import com.google.gerrit.exceptions.DuplicateKeyException;
 import com.google.gerrit.git.RefUpdateUtil;
-import com.google.gerrit.metrics.MetricMaker;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.GerritPersonIdent;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.GroupUuid;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.ServiceUserClassifier;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllProjectsName;
@@ -37,7 +39,6 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.group.db.InternalGroupCreation;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.group.GroupIndex;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.group.GroupIndexCollection;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.Sequences;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.update.context.RefUpdateContext;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.update.context.RefUpdateContext.RefUpdateType;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
@@ -45,7 +46,6 @@
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.ConfigInvalidException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.RepositoryNotFoundException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.BatchRefUpdate;
-import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Config;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.PersonIdent;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
 
@@ -58,12 +58,10 @@
   private final AllProjectsCreator allProjectsCreator;
   private final AllUsersCreator allUsersCreator;
   private final AllUsersName allUsersName;
+  private final Sequence groupsSequence;
   private final PersonIdent serverUser;
   private final GroupIndexCollection indexCollection;
   private final String serverId;
-
-  private final Config config;
-  private final MetricMaker metricMaker;
   private final AllProjectsName allProjectsName;
 
   @Inject
@@ -72,23 +70,21 @@
       AllProjectsCreator ap,
       AllUsersCreator auc,
       AllUsersName allUsersName,
+      @LightweightGroups Sequence groupsSequence,
       @GerritPersonIdent PersonIdent au,
       GroupIndexCollection ic,
       String serverId,
-      Config config,
-      MetricMaker metricMaker,
       AllProjectsName apName) {
     this.repoManager = repoManager;
     allProjectsCreator = ap;
     allUsersCreator = auc;
     this.allUsersName = allUsersName;
+    this.groupsSequence = groupsSequence;
     serverUser = au;
     indexCollection = ic;
     this.serverId = serverId;
 
-    this.config = config;
     this.allProjectsName = apName;
-    this.metricMaker = metricMaker;
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -106,19 +102,9 @@
       // We have to create the All-Users repository before we can use it to store the groups in it.
       allUsersCreator.setAdministrators(admins).create();
 
-      // Don't rely on injection to construct Sequences, as the default GitReferenceUpdated has a
-      // thick dependency stack which may not all be available at schema creation time.
-      Sequences seqs =
-          new Sequences(
-              config,
-              repoManager,
-              GitReferenceUpdated.DISABLED,
-              allProjectsName,
-              allUsersName,
-              metricMaker);
       try (Repository allUsersRepo = repoManager.openRepository(allUsersName)) {
-        createAdminsGroup(seqs, allUsersRepo, admins);
-        createBatchUsersGroup(seqs, allUsersRepo, serviceUsers, admins.getUUID());
+        createAdminsGroup(allUsersRepo, admins);
+        createBatchUsersGroup(allUsersRepo, serviceUsers, admins.getUUID());
       }
     }
   }
@@ -132,10 +118,9 @@
     }
   }
 
-  private void createAdminsGroup(
-      Sequences seqs, Repository allUsersRepo, GroupReference groupReference)
+  private void createAdminsGroup(Repository allUsersRepo, GroupReference groupReference)
       throws IOException, ConfigInvalidException {
-    InternalGroupCreation groupCreation = getGroupCreation(seqs, groupReference);
+    InternalGroupCreation groupCreation = getGroupCreation(groupReference);
     GroupDelta groupDelta =
         GroupDelta.builder().setDescription("Gerrit Site Administrators").build();
 
@@ -143,12 +128,9 @@
   }
 
   private void createBatchUsersGroup(
-      Sequences seqs,
-      Repository allUsersRepo,
-      GroupReference groupReference,
-      AccountGroup.UUID adminsGroupUuid)
+      Repository allUsersRepo, GroupReference groupReference, AccountGroup.UUID adminsGroupUuid)
       throws IOException, ConfigInvalidException {
-    InternalGroupCreation groupCreation = getGroupCreation(seqs, groupReference);
+    InternalGroupCreation groupCreation = getGroupCreation(groupReference);
     GroupDelta groupDelta =
         GroupDelta.builder()
             .setDescription("Users who perform batch actions on Gerrit")
@@ -223,8 +205,8 @@
     return GroupReference.create(groupUuid, name);
   }
 
-  private InternalGroupCreation getGroupCreation(Sequences seqs, GroupReference groupReference) {
-    int next = seqs.nextGroupId();
+  private InternalGroupCreation getGroupCreation(GroupReference groupReference) {
+    int next = groupsSequence.next();
     return InternalGroupCreation.builder()
         .setNameKey(AccountGroup.nameKey(groupReference.getName()))
         .setId(AccountGroup.id(next))
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/SchemaModule.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/SchemaModule.java
index 9593522..7afc1f5 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/SchemaModule.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/SchemaModule.java
@@ -14,12 +14,14 @@
 
 package com.google.gerrit.server.schema;
 
+import static com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence.LightweightGroups;
 import static com.google.inject.Scopes.SINGLETON;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.config.FactoryModule;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.GerritPersonIdent;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.GerritPersonIdentProvider;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllProjectsName;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllProjectsNameProvider;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllUsersName;
@@ -31,6 +33,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.GerritServerId;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.GerritServerIdProvider;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.group.GroupIndexCollection;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.RepoSequence.DisabledGitRefUpdatedRepoGroupsSequenceProvider;
 import com.google.inject.TypeLiteral;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.PersonIdent;
 
@@ -64,6 +67,9 @@
     // SchemaCreatorImpl, so it's needed.
     // TODO(dborowitz): Is there any way to untangle this?
     bind(GroupIndexCollection.class);
+    bind(Sequence.class)
+        .annotatedWith(LightweightGroups.class)
+        .toProvider(DisabledGitRefUpdatedRepoGroupsSequenceProvider.class);
     bind(SchemaCreator.class).to(SchemaCreatorImpl.class);
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/testing/InMemoryModule.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/testing/InMemoryModule.java
index fa879d6..0f57fac 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/testing/InMemoryModule.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/testing/InMemoryModule.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
 import static com.google.common.util.concurrent.MoreExecutors.newDirectExecutorService;
+import static com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence.LightweightGroups;
 import static com.google.inject.Scopes.SINGLETON;
 
 import com.google.common.base.Strings;
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.GerritPersonIdentProvider;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.LibModuleType;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.PluginUser;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.AccountCacheImpl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.GroupBackend;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.storage.notedb.AccountNoteDbStorageModule;
@@ -99,6 +101,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.group.GroupSchemaDefinitions;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.mail.EmailModule;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.mail.SignedTokenEmailTokenVerifier.SignedTokenEmailTokenVerifierModule;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.RepoSequence.DisabledGitRefUpdatedRepoGroupsSequenceProvider;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.patch.DiffExecutor;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.DefaultPermissionBackendModule;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.plugins.ServerInformationImpl;
@@ -312,6 +315,9 @@
           .toProvider(AnonymousCowardNameProvider.class);
 
       bind(GroupIndexCollection.class);
+      bind(Sequence.class)
+          .annotatedWith(LightweightGroups.class)
+          .toProvider(DisabledGitRefUpdatedRepoGroupsSequenceProvider.class);
       bind(SchemaCreator.class).to(SchemaCreatorImpl.class);
     }
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/accounts/AccountIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/accounts/AccountIT.java
index 6e4594c..498daae 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/accounts/AccountIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/api/accounts/AccountIT.java
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.gpg.testing.TestKey;
 import com.google.gerrit.httpd.CacheBasedWebSession;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.ExceptionHook;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.ServerInitiated;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.AccountControl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.AccountProperties;
@@ -331,7 +332,7 @@
       refUpdateCounter.assertRefUpdateFor(
           RefUpdateCounter.projectRef(allUsers, RefNames.refsUsers(accountId)),
           RefUpdateCounter.projectRef(allUsers, RefNames.REFS_EXTERNAL_IDS),
-          RefUpdateCounter.projectRef(allUsers, RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequences.NAME_ACCOUNTS));
+          RefUpdateCounter.projectRef(allUsers, RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequence.NAME_ACCOUNTS));
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/RefAdvertisementIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/RefAdvertisementIT.java
index c0531e5..3bec694 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/RefAdvertisementIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/git/RefAdvertisementIT.java
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.groups.GroupInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.BranchInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.RestApiException;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.ServiceUserClassifier;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllUsersName;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.receive.ReceiveCommitsAdvertiseRefsHookChain;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.receive.testing.TestRefAdvertiser;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.Sequences;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackend;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.permissions.PermissionBackend.RefFilterOptions;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.query.change.ChangeData;
@@ -1413,8 +1413,8 @@
             RefNames.REFS_GROUPNAMES,
             RefNames.refsGroups(admins),
             RefNames.refsGroups(nonInteractiveUsers),
-            RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequences.NAME_ACCOUNTS,
-            RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequences.NAME_GROUPS,
+            RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequence.NAME_ACCOUNTS,
+            RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequence.NAME_GROUPS,
             RefNames.REFS_CONFIG,
             Constants.HEAD);
 
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GetBranchIT.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GetBranchIT.java
index 13c20dd..cf3bf89 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GetBranchIT.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/rest/project/GetBranchIT.java
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.api.projects.TagInput;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.ResourceNotFoundException;
 import com.google.gerrit.extensions.restapi.RestApiException;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.group.SystemGroupBackend;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.Sequences;
 import com.google.gerrit.testing.ConfigSuite;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.junit.TestRepository;
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@
   public void getAccountSequenceRef() throws Exception {
     // a user without the 'Access Database' capability cannot see the refs/sequences/accounts ref
     requestScopeOperations.setApiUser(user.id());
-    String accountSequenceRef = RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequences.NAME_ACCOUNTS;
+    String accountSequenceRef = RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequence.NAME_ACCOUNTS;
     assertBranchNotFound(allUsers, accountSequenceRef);
 
     // a user with the 'Access Database' capability can see the refs/sequences/accounts ref
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@
   public void getChangeSequenceRef() throws Exception {
     // a user without the 'Access Database' capability cannot see the refs/sequences/changes ref
     requestScopeOperations.setApiUser(user.id());
-    String changeSequenceRef = RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequences.NAME_CHANGES;
+    String changeSequenceRef = RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequence.NAME_CHANGES;
     assertBranchNotFound(allProjects, changeSequenceRef);
 
     // a user with the 'Access Database' capability can see the refs/sequences/changes ref
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@
   public void getGroupSequenceRef() throws Exception {
     // a user without the 'Access Database' capability cannot see the refs/sequences/groups ref
     requestScopeOperations.setApiUser(user.id());
-    String groupSequenceRef = RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequences.NAME_GROUPS;
+    String groupSequenceRef = RefNames.REFS_SEQUENCES + Sequence.NAME_GROUPS;
     assertBranchNotFound(allUsers, groupSequenceRef);
 
     // a user with the 'Access Database' capability can see the refs/sequences/groups ref
diff --git a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/NoteDbSchemaUpdaterTest.java b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/NoteDbSchemaUpdaterTest.java
index 767ac28..5d5ef4e 100644
--- a/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/NoteDbSchemaUpdaterTest.java
+++ b/javatests/com/google/gerrit/server/schema/NoteDbSchemaUpdaterTest.java
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSortedSet;
 import com.google.gerrit.entities.RefNames;
 import com.google.gerrit.exceptions.StorageException;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.Sequence;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllProjectsName;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.AllUsersName;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.extensions.events.GitReferenceUpdated;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.GitRepositoryManager;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.IntBlob;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.RepoSequence;
-import com.google.gerrit.server.notedb.Sequences;
 import com.google.gerrit.testing.InMemoryRepositoryManager;
 import com.google.gerrit.testing.TestUpdateUI;
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@
               repoManager,
               GitReferenceUpdated.DISABLED,
               allUsersName,
-              Sequences.NAME_GROUPS,
+              Sequence.NAME_GROUPS,
               () -> 1,
               1)
           .next();