diff --git a/Documentation/config-gerrit.txt b/Documentation/config-gerrit.txt
index 0c0626e..b964040 100644
--- a/Documentation/config-gerrit.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config-gerrit.txt
@@ -2979,7 +2979,7 @@
 [[index.batchThreads]]index.batchThreads::
 +
 Number of threads to use for indexing in background operations, such as
-online schema upgrades, and also for offline reindexing.
+online schema upgrades, and also the default for offline reindexing.
 +
 If not set or set to a zero, defaults to the number of logical CPUs as returned
 by the JVM. If set to a negative value, defaults to a direct executor.
@@ -3182,6 +3182,11 @@
 +
 Defaults to true (throttling enabled).
 
+During offline reindexing, setting ramBufferSize greater than the size
+of index (size of specific index folder under <site_dir>/index) and
+maxBufferedDocs as -1 avoids unnecessary flushes and triggers only a
+single flush at the end of the process.
+
 Sample Lucene index configuration:
 ----
 [index]
diff --git a/Documentation/pgm-reindex.txt b/Documentation/pgm-reindex.txt
index 5167277..5392564 100644
--- a/Documentation/pgm-reindex.txt
+++ b/Documentation/pgm-reindex.txt
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@
 
 == OPTIONS
 --threads::
-	Number of threads to use for indexing.
+	Number of threads to use for indexing. Default is
+	link:config-gerrit.html#index.batchThreads[index.batchThreads]
 
 --changes-schema-version::
 	Schema version to reindex; default is most recent version.
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/GerritServer.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/GerritServer.java
index 986f549..5369e36 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/GerritServer.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/acceptance/GerritServer.java
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.GerritServerConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.SitePath;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.receive.AsyncReceiveCommits;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AutoFlush;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.schema.JdbcAccountPatchReviewStore;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.ssh.NoSshModule;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.util.ReplicaUtil;
@@ -419,7 +420,8 @@
         "accountPatchReviewDb", null, "url", JdbcAccountPatchReviewStore.TEST_IN_MEMORY_URL);
     daemon.setEnableHttpd(desc.httpd());
     daemon.setLuceneModule(
-        LuceneIndexModule.singleVersionAllLatest(0, ReplicaUtil.isReplica(baseConfig)));
+        LuceneIndexModule.singleVersionAllLatest(
+            0, ReplicaUtil.isReplica(baseConfig), AutoFlush.ENABLED));
     daemon.setDatabaseForTesting(
         ImmutableList.of(
             new InMemoryTestingDatabaseModule(cfg, site, inMemoryRepoManager),
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/httpd/init/WebAppInitializer.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/httpd/init/WebAppInitializer.java
index 05992d4..03a244b 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/httpd/init/WebAppInitializer.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/httpd/init/WebAppInitializer.java
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.SearchingChangeCacheImpl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.SystemReaderInstaller;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.WorkQueue;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AutoFlush;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.IndexModule;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.OnlineUpgrader;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.VersionManager;
@@ -353,7 +354,7 @@
 
   private Module createIndexModule() {
     if (indexType.isLucene()) {
-      return LuceneIndexModule.latestVersion(false);
+      return LuceneIndexModule.latestVersion(false, AutoFlush.ENABLED);
     } else if (indexType.isElasticsearch()) {
       return ElasticIndexModule.latestVersion(false);
     } else {
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/AbstractLuceneIndex.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/AbstractLuceneIndex.java
index 5392ab4..4e76d9b 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/AbstractLuceneIndex.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/AbstractLuceneIndex.java
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.index.query.ListResultSet;
 import com.google.gerrit.index.query.ResultSet;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.SitePaths;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AutoFlush;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.IndexUtils;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.logging.LoggingContextAwareExecutorService;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.logging.LoggingContextAwareScheduledExecutorService;
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@
   private final ReferenceManager<IndexSearcher> searcherManager;
   private final ControlledRealTimeReopenThread<IndexSearcher> reopenThread;
   private final Set<NrtFuture> notDoneNrtFutures;
+  private final AutoFlush autoFlush;
   private ScheduledExecutorService autoCommitExecutor;
 
   AbstractLuceneIndex(
@@ -115,13 +117,15 @@
       ImmutableSet<String> skipFields,
       String subIndex,
       GerritIndexWriterConfig writerConfig,
-      SearcherFactory searcherFactory)
+      SearcherFactory searcherFactory,
+      AutoFlush autoFlush)
       throws IOException {
     this.schema = schema;
     this.sitePaths = sitePaths;
     this.dir = dir;
     this.name = name;
     this.skipFields = skipFields;
+    this.autoFlush = autoFlush;
     String index = Joiner.on('_').skipNulls().join(name, subIndex);
     long commitPeriod = writerConfig.getCommitWithinMs();
 
@@ -215,7 +219,9 @@
           }
         });
 
-    reopenThread.start();
+    if (autoFlush.equals(AutoFlush.ENABLED)) {
+      reopenThread.start();
+    }
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -484,6 +490,9 @@
     }
 
     private boolean isGenAvailableNowForCurrentSearcher() {
+      if (autoFlush.equals(AutoFlush.DISABLED)) {
+        return true;
+      }
       try {
         return reopenThread.waitForGeneration(gen, 0);
       } catch (InterruptedException e) {
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/ChangeSubIndex.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/ChangeSubIndex.java
index e51a91a7..60edcab 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/ChangeSubIndex.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/ChangeSubIndex.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.index.query.Predicate;
 import com.google.gerrit.index.query.QueryParseException;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.SitePaths;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AutoFlush;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.change.ChangeField;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.change.ChangeIndex;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.query.change.ChangeData;
@@ -51,7 +52,8 @@
       Path path,
       ImmutableSet<String> skipFields,
       GerritIndexWriterConfig writerConfig,
-      SearcherFactory searcherFactory)
+      SearcherFactory searcherFactory,
+      AutoFlush autoFlush)
       throws IOException {
     this(
         schema,
@@ -60,7 +62,8 @@
         path.getFileName().toString(),
         skipFields,
         writerConfig,
-        searcherFactory);
+        searcherFactory,
+        autoFlush);
   }
 
   ChangeSubIndex(
@@ -70,9 +73,19 @@
       String subIndex,
       ImmutableSet<String> skipFields,
       GerritIndexWriterConfig writerConfig,
-      SearcherFactory searcherFactory)
+      SearcherFactory searcherFactory,
+      AutoFlush autoFlush)
       throws IOException {
-    super(schema, sitePaths, dir, NAME, skipFields, subIndex, writerConfig, searcherFactory);
+    super(
+        schema,
+        sitePaths,
+        dir,
+        NAME,
+        skipFields,
+        subIndex,
+        writerConfig,
+        searcherFactory,
+        autoFlush);
   }
 
   @Override
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneAccountIndex.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneAccountIndex.java
index 242cffd..95c6f18 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneAccountIndex.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneAccountIndex.java
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.account.AccountState;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.GerritServerConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.SitePaths;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AutoFlush;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.IndexUtils;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.account.AccountIndex;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
@@ -94,7 +95,8 @@
       @GerritServerConfig Config cfg,
       SitePaths sitePaths,
       Provider<AccountCache> accountCache,
-      @Assisted Schema<AccountState> schema)
+      @Assisted Schema<AccountState> schema,
+      AutoFlush autoFlush)
       throws IOException {
     super(
         schema,
@@ -104,7 +106,8 @@
         ImmutableSet.of(),
         null,
         new GerritIndexWriterConfig(cfg, ACCOUNTS),
-        new SearcherFactory());
+        new SearcherFactory(),
+        autoFlush);
     this.accountCache = accountCache;
 
     indexWriterConfig = new GerritIndexWriterConfig(cfg, ACCOUNTS);
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneChangeIndex.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneChangeIndex.java
index bf1a166..286815e 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneChangeIndex.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneChangeIndex.java
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.change.MergeabilityComputationBehavior;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.GerritServerConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.SitePaths;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AutoFlush;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.IndexExecutor;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.IndexUtils;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.change.ChangeField;
@@ -179,7 +180,8 @@
       SitePaths sitePaths,
       @IndexExecutor(INTERACTIVE) ListeningExecutorService executor,
       ChangeData.Factory changeDataFactory,
-      @Assisted Schema<ChangeData> schema)
+      @Assisted Schema<ChangeData> schema,
+      AutoFlush autoFlush)
       throws IOException {
     this.executor = executor;
     this.changeDataFactory = changeDataFactory;
@@ -204,7 +206,8 @@
               "ramOpen",
               skipFields,
               openConfig,
-              searcherFactory);
+              searcherFactory,
+              autoFlush);
       closedIndex =
           new ChangeSubIndex(
               schema,
@@ -213,7 +216,8 @@
               "ramClosed",
               skipFields,
               closedConfig,
-              searcherFactory);
+              searcherFactory,
+              autoFlush);
     } else {
       Path dir = LuceneVersionManager.getDir(sitePaths, CHANGES, schema);
       openIndex =
@@ -223,7 +227,8 @@
               dir.resolve(CHANGES_OPEN),
               skipFields,
               openConfig,
-              searcherFactory);
+              searcherFactory,
+              autoFlush);
       closedIndex =
           new ChangeSubIndex(
               schema,
@@ -231,7 +236,8 @@
               dir.resolve(CHANGES_CLOSED),
               skipFields,
               closedConfig,
-              searcherFactory);
+              searcherFactory,
+              autoFlush);
     }
 
     idField = this.schema.useLegacyNumericFields() ? LEGACY_ID : LEGACY_ID_STR;
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneGroupIndex.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneGroupIndex.java
index 3d1d471..b61d0fb 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneGroupIndex.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneGroupIndex.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.GerritServerConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.SitePaths;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.group.InternalGroup;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AutoFlush;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.IndexUtils;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.group.GroupIndex;
 import com.google.inject.Inject;
@@ -84,7 +85,8 @@
       @GerritServerConfig Config cfg,
       SitePaths sitePaths,
       Provider<GroupCache> groupCache,
-      @Assisted Schema<InternalGroup> schema)
+      @Assisted Schema<InternalGroup> schema,
+      AutoFlush autoFlush)
       throws IOException {
     super(
         schema,
@@ -94,7 +96,8 @@
         ImmutableSet.of(),
         null,
         new GerritIndexWriterConfig(cfg, GROUPS),
-        new SearcherFactory());
+        new SearcherFactory(),
+        autoFlush);
     this.groupCache = groupCache;
 
     indexWriterConfig = new GerritIndexWriterConfig(cfg, GROUPS);
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneIndexModule.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneIndexModule.java
index 302a2da..16fd87f 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneIndexModule.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneIndexModule.java
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@
 
 package com.google.gerrit.lucene;
 
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.gerrit.index.IndexConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.index.project.ProjectIndex;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.GerritServerConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AbstractIndexModule;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AutoFlush;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.VersionManager;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.account.AccountIndex;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.change.ChangeIndex;
@@ -28,25 +30,42 @@
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Config;
 
 public class LuceneIndexModule extends AbstractIndexModule {
-  public static LuceneIndexModule singleVersionAllLatest(int threads, boolean slave) {
-    return new LuceneIndexModule(ImmutableMap.of(), threads, slave);
+  private final AutoFlush autoFlush;
+
+  public static LuceneIndexModule singleVersionAllLatest(
+      int threads, boolean slave, AutoFlush autoFlush) {
+    return new LuceneIndexModule(ImmutableMap.of(), threads, slave, autoFlush);
+  }
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  public static LuceneIndexModule singleVersionWithExplicitVersions(
+      Map<String, Integer> versions, int threads, boolean slave) {
+    return new LuceneIndexModule(versions, threads, slave, AutoFlush.ENABLED);
   }
 
   public static LuceneIndexModule singleVersionWithExplicitVersions(
-      Map<String, Integer> versions, int threads, boolean slave) {
-    return new LuceneIndexModule(versions, threads, slave);
+      Map<String, Integer> versions, int threads, boolean slave, AutoFlush autoFlush) {
+    return new LuceneIndexModule(versions, threads, slave, autoFlush);
   }
 
-  public static LuceneIndexModule latestVersion(boolean slave) {
-    return new LuceneIndexModule(null, 0, slave);
+  public static LuceneIndexModule latestVersion(boolean slave, AutoFlush autoFlush) {
+    return new LuceneIndexModule(null, 0, slave, autoFlush);
   }
 
   static boolean isInMemoryTest(Config cfg) {
     return cfg.getBoolean("index", "lucene", "testInmemory", false);
   }
 
-  private LuceneIndexModule(Map<String, Integer> singleVersions, int threads, boolean slave) {
+  private LuceneIndexModule(
+      Map<String, Integer> singleVersions, int threads, boolean slave, AutoFlush autoFlush) {
     super(singleVersions, threads, slave);
+    this.autoFlush = autoFlush;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  protected void configure() {
+    super.configure();
+    bind(AutoFlush.class).toInstance(autoFlush);
   }
 
   @Override
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneProjectIndex.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneProjectIndex.java
index 2a418ca..ef6e0fd 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneProjectIndex.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/lucene/LuceneProjectIndex.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.index.query.QueryParseException;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.GerritServerConfig;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.SitePaths;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AutoFlush;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.IndexUtils;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectCache;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.project.ProjectState;
@@ -84,7 +85,8 @@
       @GerritServerConfig Config cfg,
       SitePaths sitePaths,
       Provider<ProjectCache> projectCache,
-      @Assisted Schema<ProjectData> schema)
+      @Assisted Schema<ProjectData> schema,
+      AutoFlush autoFlush)
       throws IOException {
     super(
         schema,
@@ -94,7 +96,8 @@
         ImmutableSet.of(),
         null,
         new GerritIndexWriterConfig(cfg, PROJECTS),
-        new SearcherFactory());
+        new SearcherFactory(),
+        autoFlush);
     this.projectCache = projectCache;
 
     indexWriterConfig = new GerritIndexWriterConfig(cfg, PROJECTS);
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/Daemon.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/Daemon.java
index 0eaf75d..692e2e0 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/Daemon.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/Daemon.java
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.SearchingChangeCacheImpl;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.git.WorkQueue;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.group.PeriodicGroupIndexer;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AutoFlush;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.IndexModule;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.OnlineUpgrader;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.VersionManager;
@@ -513,7 +514,7 @@
       return luceneModule;
     }
     if (indexType.isLucene()) {
-      return LuceneIndexModule.latestVersion(replica);
+      return LuceneIndexModule.latestVersion(replica, AutoFlush.ENABLED);
     }
     if (indexType.isElasticsearch()) {
       return ElasticIndexModule.latestVersion(replica);
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/Reindex.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/Reindex.java
index 966801f..923406e 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/Reindex.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/Reindex.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.pgm.util.SiteProgram;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.change.ChangeResource;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.config.GerritServerConfig;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AutoFlush;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.IndexModule;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.change.ChangeSchemaDefinitions;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.plugins.PluginGuiceEnvironment;
@@ -52,8 +53,10 @@
 import org.kohsuke.args4j.Option;
 
 public class Reindex extends SiteProgram {
-  @Option(name = "--threads", usage = "Number of threads to use for indexing")
-  private int threads = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
+  @Option(
+      name = "--threads",
+      usage = "Number of threads to use for indexing. Default is index.batchThreads from config.")
+  private int threads = 0;
 
   @Option(
       name = "--changes-schema-version",
@@ -150,7 +153,9 @@
     Module indexModule;
     IndexType indexType = IndexModule.getIndexType(dbInjector);
     if (indexType.isLucene()) {
-      indexModule = LuceneIndexModule.singleVersionWithExplicitVersions(versions, threads, replica);
+      indexModule =
+          LuceneIndexModule.singleVersionWithExplicitVersions(
+              versions, threads, replica, AutoFlush.DISABLED);
     } else if (indexType.isElasticsearch()) {
       indexModule =
           ElasticIndexModule.singleVersionWithExplicitVersions(versions, threads, replica);
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/init/index/lucene/LuceneIndexModuleOnInit.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/init/index/lucene/LuceneIndexModuleOnInit.java
index 12a44dc..54618a1 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/init/index/lucene/LuceneIndexModuleOnInit.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/pgm/init/index/lucene/LuceneIndexModuleOnInit.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 import com.google.gerrit.lucene.LuceneAccountIndex;
 import com.google.gerrit.lucene.LuceneGroupIndex;
 import com.google.gerrit.pgm.init.index.IndexModuleOnInit;
+import com.google.gerrit.server.index.AutoFlush;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.account.AccountIndex;
 import com.google.gerrit.server.index.group.GroupIndex;
 import com.google.inject.AbstractModule;
@@ -36,5 +37,7 @@
             .build(GroupIndex.Factory.class));
 
     install(new IndexModuleOnInit());
+
+    bind(AutoFlush.class).toInstance(AutoFlush.DISABLED);
   }
 }
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/git/meta/VersionedMetaData.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/git/meta/VersionedMetaData.java
index feb038a..c0f11f9 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/git/meta/VersionedMetaData.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/git/meta/VersionedMetaData.java
@@ -217,6 +217,27 @@
   }
 
   /**
+   * Update this metadata branch, recording a new commit on its reference. This method mutates its
+   * receiver.
+   *
+   * @param update helper information to define the update that will occur.
+   * @param objInserter Shared object inserter.
+   * @param objReader Shared object reader.
+   * @param revWalk Shared rev walk.
+   * @return the commit that was created
+   * @throws IOException if there is a storage problem and the update cannot be executed as
+   *     requested or if it failed because of a concurrent update to the same reference
+   */
+  public RevCommit commit(
+      MetaDataUpdate update, ObjectInserter objInserter, ObjectReader objReader, RevWalk revWalk)
+      throws IOException {
+    try (BatchMetaDataUpdate batch = openUpdate(update, objInserter, objReader, revWalk)) {
+      batch.write(update.getCommitBuilder());
+      return batch.commit();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
    * Creates a new commit and a new ref based on this commit. This method mutates its receiver.
    *
    * @param update helper information to define the update that will occur.
@@ -263,11 +284,39 @@
    * @throws IOException if the update failed.
    */
   public BatchMetaDataUpdate openUpdate(MetaDataUpdate update) throws IOException {
+    return openUpdate(update, null, null, null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Open a batch of updates to the same metadata ref.
+   *
+   * <p>This allows making multiple commits to a single metadata ref, at the end of which is a
+   * single ref update. For batching together updates to multiple refs (each consisting of one or
+   * more commits against their respective refs), create the {@link MetaDataUpdate} with a {@link
+   * BatchRefUpdate}.
+   *
+   * <p>A ref update produced by this {@link BatchMetaDataUpdate} is only committed if there is no
+   * associated {@link BatchRefUpdate}. As a result, the configured ref updated event is not fired
+   * if there is an associated batch.
+   *
+   * <p>If object inserter, reader and revwalk are provided, then the updates are not flushed,
+   * allowing callers the flexibility to flush only once after several updates.
+   *
+   * @param update helper info about the update.
+   * @param objInserter Shared object inserter.
+   * @param objReader Shared object reader.
+   * @param revWalk Shared rev walk.
+   * @throws IOException if the update failed.
+   */
+  public BatchMetaDataUpdate openUpdate(
+      MetaDataUpdate update, ObjectInserter objInserter, ObjectReader objReader, RevWalk revWalk)
+      throws IOException {
     final Repository db = update.getRepository();
 
-    inserter = db.newObjectInserter();
-    reader = inserter.newReader();
-    final RevWalk rw = new RevWalk(reader);
+    inserter = objInserter == null ? db.newObjectInserter() : objInserter;
+    reader = objReader == null ? inserter.newReader() : objReader;
+    final RevWalk rw = revWalk == null ? new RevWalk(reader) : revWalk;
+
     final RevTree tree = revision != null ? rw.parseTree(revision) : null;
     newTree = readTree(tree);
     return new BatchMetaDataUpdate() {
@@ -380,12 +429,12 @@
         newTree = null;
 
         rw.close();
-        if (inserter != null) {
+        if (objInserter == null && inserter != null) {
           inserter.close();
           inserter = null;
         }
 
-        if (reader != null) {
+        if (objReader == null && reader != null) {
           reader.close();
           reader = null;
         }
@@ -396,7 +445,9 @@
         BatchRefUpdate bru = update.getBatch();
         if (bru != null) {
           bru.addCommand(new ReceiveCommand(oldId.toObjectId(), newId.toObjectId(), refName));
-          inserter.flush();
+          if (objInserter == null) {
+            inserter.flush();
+          }
           revision = rw.parseCommit(newId);
           return revision;
         }
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/AutoFlush.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/AutoFlush.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d13110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/AutoFlush.java
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package com.google.gerrit.server.index;
+
+public enum AutoFlush {
+  ENABLED,
+  DISABLED
+}
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/IndexModule.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/IndexModule.java
index 6db00f5..17665c0 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/IndexModule.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/index/IndexModule.java
@@ -208,13 +208,14 @@
       return interactiveExecutor;
     }
     int threads = this.threads;
-    if (threads < 0) {
-      return MoreExecutors.newDirectExecutorService();
-    } else if (threads == 0) {
+    if (threads == 0) {
       threads =
           config.getInt(
               "index", null, "threads", Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() / 2 + 1);
     }
+    if (threads < 0) {
+      return MoreExecutors.newDirectExecutorService();
+    }
     return MoreExecutors.listeningDecorator(
         workQueue.createQueue(threads, "Index-Interactive", true));
   }
@@ -227,11 +228,13 @@
     if (batchExecutor != null) {
       return batchExecutor;
     }
-    int threads = config.getInt("index", null, "batchThreads", 0);
+    int threads = this.threads;
+    if (threads == 0) {
+      threads =
+          config.getInt("index", null, "batchThreads", Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());
+    }
     if (threads < 0) {
       return MoreExecutors.newDirectExecutorService();
-    } else if (threads == 0) {
-      threads = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
     }
     return MoreExecutors.listeningDecorator(workQueue.createQueue(threads, "Index-Batch", true));
   }
diff --git a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/mail/send/OutgoingEmail.java b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/mail/send/OutgoingEmail.java
index b35bbec..8c56469 100644
--- a/java/com/google/gerrit/server/mail/send/OutgoingEmail.java
+++ b/java/com/google/gerrit/server/mail/send/OutgoingEmail.java
@@ -404,9 +404,13 @@
    * username. If no username is set, this function returns null.
    *
    * @param accountId user to fetch.
-   * @return name/email of account, username, or null if unset.
+   * @return name/email of account, username, or null if unset or the accountId is null.
    */
-  protected String getUserNameEmailFor(Account.Id accountId) {
+  protected String getUserNameEmailFor(@Nullable Account.Id accountId) {
+    if (accountId == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
     Optional<AccountState> accountState = args.accountCache.get(accountId);
     if (!accountState.isPresent()) {
       return null;